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Using a nanosecond laser to pattern copper nanowire-based flexible electrodes: From simulation to practical application
摘要： Copper nanowire (Cu NW) electrodes have shown promise for use in next-generation transparent conducting films due to their high electrical conductivity, low-cost solution-based synthesis processes, and high transmittance properties. Recently, the use of lasers for the modification of nanostructures has received considerable attention. Despite the advantages of laser machining such as producing any shape in an accurate, time-saving, non-contact process, the laser patterning of Cu NW electrodes has not been extensively studied, particularly the heat effect of the laser irradiation process on the flexible substrate. In this report, we present experimental and computational results of a selective and direct patterning process by using nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation. The experimental and simulation results were used to optimize the laser ablation parameters for the patterning process of the ultra-long Cu NW transparent electrodes so as to not damage the flexible substrates. Finally, a bifunctional flexible smart-window was fabricated to demonstrate a practical application of the laser-patterned Cu NW electrodes.
关键词： Copper nanowires,Laser patterning,Flexible substrate,Nanosecond pulsed laser,Flexible smart-window
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Ultrafast Laser Processing of Nanostructured Patterns for the Control of Cell Adhesion and Migration on Titanium Alloy
摘要： Femtosecond laser texturing is a promising surface functionalization technology to improve the integration and durability of dental and orthopedic implants. Four different surface topographies were obtained on titanium-6aluminum-4vanadium plates by varying laser processing parameters and strategies: surfaces presenting nanostructures such as laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) and ‘spikes’, associated or not with more complex multiscale geometries combining micro-pits, nanostructures and stretches of polished areas. After sterilization by heat treatment, LIPSS and spikes were characterized to be highly hydrophobic, whereas the original polished surfaces remained hydrophilic. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) grown on simple nanostructured surfaces were found to spread less with an increased motility (velocity, acceleration, tortuosity), while on the complex surfaces, hMSCs decreased their migration when approaching the micro-pits and preferentially positioned their nucleus inside them. Moreover, focal adhesions of hMSCs were notably located on polished zones rather than on neighboring nanostructured areas where the protein adsorption was lower. All these observations indicated that hMSCs were spatially controlled and mechanically strained by the laser-induced topographies. The nanoscale structures influence surface wettability and protein adsorption and thus influence focal adhesions formation and finally induce shape-based mechanical constraints on cells, known to promote osteogenic differentiation.
关键词： cell adhesion,multiscale-patterning,wettability,human mesenchymal stem cell,femtosecond laser,cell spreading,cell motility,protein adsorption
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Optimization of laser-patterning process and module design for transparent amorphous silicon thin-film module using thin OMO back electrode
摘要： Transparent hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin-film solar modules are fabricated using oxide-metal-oxide (OMO) electrodes as the back electrode for building-integrated photovoltaic applications. The outer aluminum-doped zinc oxide and inner silver layers constitute a thin OMO electrode (~110 nm thick), exhibiting a sheet resistance of 6.8 Ω/□ and an average transmittance of ~88% in the visible range of 400–800 nm. The external quantum efficiency and average transmittance of the cell were investigated for the absorber-layer thickness using the finite-difference time-domain method, and it was found that the optical loss in the cell was mainly due to the absorption of the front electrode in the ultra-violet region and free-carrier absorption of the OMO in the infrared region. Fabrication issues are introduced for a 532 nm short-pulse high-power laser patterning process for transparent modules with thin OMO electrodes. Optimization of the laser power for the P2 and P3 laser processes is demonstrated by observing the profiles and measuring the shunt resistance of the laser-patterned edges. Furthermore, the cell width is optimized based on an equivalent circuit model using PSpice simulation. The highest module efficiency and average transparency achieved in the range of 500–800 nm were 5.6% and 15.2%, respectively. The short-circuit current density, fill factor, and open-circuit voltage per cell of the module were found to be 10.8 mA/cm2, 62.7%, and 0.830 V, respectively.
关键词： Laser patterning,Transparent amorphous silicon photovoltaic,Equivalent circuit,Building integrated photovoltaic,Cell geometry,Oxide-metal-oxide electrode
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Effect of laser patterning on the material behaviour of 22MnB5 steel with induced local strengthening
摘要： When using a supporting laser patterning method, it is possible to adaptively tailor the strength variations and formability of a pre-fabricated single panel. This paper focuses on the effect of line and geometrical laser patterning on the strength enhancement and material behaviour of steel sheets. To validate the performance of the laser patterning specimens, a tensile test for evaluating the in-plane deformation behaviour and a 3-point bending test for out-of-plane have been conducted while maintaining the area fraction for the laser-treated area. Close-type laser patterns, e.g., 0°, auxetic, and honeycomb, not only induce a substantial increase in strength but also enhance bending resistance without sacrificing the springback tendency of the initial sheet material.
关键词： Fibre laser,Martensite,Laser patterning,Local hardening,22MnB5
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Towards photovoltaic windows: scalable fabrication of semitransparent modules based on non-fullerene acceptors <i>via</i> laser-patterning
摘要： Semitransparent organic photovoltaics (OPV) possess unique properties that make them highly appealing for their integration into semitransparent architectonic elements such as windows or glazings. In order to provide sufficient transparency, non-opaque electrodes and thin photoactive layers are typically used, thus limiting the light-harvesting capacity. This can be partially overcome by using materials that absorb light mostly in the infrared region. On the other hand, the use of scalable techniques for the fabrication of semitransparent devices is often disregarded. In this work, we combine the blue, low-bandgap polymer PBTZT-stat-BDTT-8 with the near-infrared absorbing non-fullerene acceptor 4TICO, adapting the module fabrication to low-cost manufacturing processes that are compatible with large-scale production. Fully solution-processed semitransparent solar cells over 4.7% performance are prepared from non-chlorinated formulations, in air and using scalable techniques such as blade coating. Our prototypes of semitransparent laser-patterned OPV modules exceed 30% of transparency (measured as human perception transmittance, HPT) and yield efficiencies in the range of 4%, geometrical fill factors surpassing 90% and an active area above 1 cm2. We verify the quality of cell-to-cell interconnection and optimise the geometry of the modules with the help of local optoelectronic imaging techniques. This work highlights the relevance of non-fullerene acceptors with strong absorption in the near-infrared, as they can meet industrial and technical requirements for the upscaling and integration of high-performance semitransparent OPV modules with low production costs.
关键词： scalable fabrication,laser-patterning,non-fullerene acceptors,photovoltaic windows,semitransparent organic photovoltaics
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Spherical Mirror and Surface Patterning on Silicon Carbide (SiC) by Material Removal Rate Enhancement Using CO2 Laser Assisted Polishing
摘要： Silicon carbide (SiC) is well known as an excellent material for high performance optical applications because it offers many advantages over other commonly used glasses and metals. The excellent attributes of SiC include high strength, high hardness, low density, high thermal resistance, and low coefficient of thermal expansion. The effect of CO2 laser and its tool path on SiCwere investigated. The process started by creating laser pre-cracks on the desired pattern. Subsequently, laser assisted polishing was conducted on the same tool path. The surface showed a sharp increase in material removal in the areas with laser pre-cracks. This high difference in material removal was used not only to fabricate a ? 1100?mm concave mirror with 127?μm in depth but also to generate macro and micro patterns. Grooves from 2?mm to 200?μm in width and 5?μm to 20?μm depth were successfully generated.
关键词： Material removal rate,CO2 laser,Patterning,Polishing,Hybrid
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Direct Patterning of Piezoelectric Thin Films by Inkjet Printing
摘要： Inkjet printing is currently gaining momentum as a low-cost and eco-friendly additive manufacturing technique for electronics. Patterning of functional metal oxide thin films on high surface energy substrates via inkjet printing remains a challenge and requires assistance from lithographic processes. This work unveils a novel process for lithography and etching-free patterning of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films on pristine platinized silicon through the use of inkjet-printed alkanethiolate-based templates. The technique requires neither lithography nor etching, respectively, before and after PZT printing. The described process allows for feature sizes in the sub-100 μm range with control over the thickness of the final film. Inkjet-printed PZT displays typical ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of solution-derived thin films, with remnant polarization 13 μC cm?2, coercive field 58 kV cm?1, permittivity 900, dielectric losses 0.07, and effective longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient 50 pm V?1.
关键词： piezoelectrics,lead zirconate titanate,inkjet printing,patterning,self-assembled monolayers
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Micro-patterning of coatings on a fiber surface exploiting the contact instabilities of thin viscoelastic films
摘要： Contact instabilities of a thin viscoelastic film on a curved surface have been explored with the help of linear and nonlinear analyses. The governing equations and boundary conditions for a thin deforming zero-frequency linear viscoelastic solid film are linearized to predict the time and length scales. A long-wave analysis corroborates the accuracy of the eigenvalues obtained from the general analysis. While the adhesive interaction between the film surface and contactor stimulates contact instability by subduing the restoring elastic and surface tension forces, the forces due to radial curvature instigate the capillary instability. Importantly, unlike the unconditionally unstable viscous films, this instability manifests beyond a critical destabilizing force due to the elastic stiffness of viscoelastic film. The destabilizing intermolecular and radial curvature forces are tuned by controlling the film-contactor gap and radius of fiber to engender the formation of drops, columns, or mixed morphologies. The nonlinear simulations demonstrate the conditions to decorate columns, droplets, and hybrid morphologies on the fiber surface. For example, when the contactor-film gap is higher and the radius of the fiber and the film thickness are lower, the dominant force due to radial curvature can break the film into droplets, whereas a smaller contactor-film separation distance on a fiber of large radius instigates contact instability to develop columnar structures. Otherwise, the formation of a mixed morphology composed of droplets and columns is expected. Furthermore, surface patterns having length scales of few micrometers to hundreds of nanometers can be obtained by tuning film-contactor gap, fiber-radius, and stabilizing-destabilizing forces.
关键词： micro-patterning,fiber surface,capillary instability,contact instabilities,viscoelastic films
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Conditional Deletion of AP-2α and AP-2β in the Developing Murine Retina Leads to Altered Amacrine Cell Mosaics and Disrupted Visual Function
摘要： The combined action of the activating protein-2 (AP-2) transcription factors, AP-2a and AP-2b, is important in early retinal development, specifically in the formation of horizontal cells. However, in previous studies, it was not possible to analyze postnatal development and function of additional retinal subtypes. We used a double conditional deletion of AP-2a and AP-2b from the retina to further examine the combinatory role of these genes in retinal cell patterning and function in postnatal adult mice as measured by Voronoi domain area and nearest-neighbor distance spatial analyses and ERGs, respectively. Conditional deletion of both AP-2a and AP-2b from the retina resulted in a variety of abnormalities, including the absence of horizontal cells, defects in the photoreceptor ribbons in which synapses failed to form, along with evidence of aberrant amacrine cell arrangement. Although no significant changes in amacrine cell population numbers were observed in the double mutants, significant irregularities in the mosaic patterning of amacrine cells was observed as demonstrated by both Voronoi domain areas and nearest-neighbor distances analyses. These changes were further accompanied by an alteration in the retinal response to light as recorded by ERGs. In particular, in the double-mutant mice lacking AP-2a and AP-2b, the b-wave amplitude, representative of interneuron signal processing, was significantly reduced compared with control littermates. Together these findings demonstrate the requirement for both AP-2a and AP-2b in proper amacrine mosaic patterning and a normal functional light response in the retina.
关键词： amacrine cells,horizontal cells,mosaic patterning,retina development,electroretinograms
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Controllable Growth of Higha??Quality Inorganic Perovskite Microplate Arrays for Functional Optoelectronics
摘要： Inorganic perovskite single crystals have emerged as promising vapor-phase processable structures for optoelectronic devices. However, because of material lattice mismatch and uncontrolled nucleation, vapor-phase methods have been restricted to random distribution of single crystals that are difficult to perform for integrated device arrays. Herein, an effective strategy to control the vapor-phase growth of high-quality cesium lead bromide perovskite (CsPbBr3) microplate arrays with uniform morphology as well as controlled location and size is reported. By introducing perovskite seeds on substrates, intractable lattice mismatches and random nucleation barriers are surpassed, and the epitaxial growth of perovskite crystals is accurately controlled. It is further demonstrated that CsPbBr3 microplate arrays can be monolithically integrated on substrates for the fabrication of high-performance lasers and photodetectors. This strategy provides a facile approach to fabricate high-quality CsPbBr3 microplates with controllable size and location, which offers new opportunities for the scalable production of integrated optoelectronic devices.
关键词： perovskites,microdevice arrays,vapor patterning,single crystals
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57