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Bulk-heterojunction polymer photovoltaic cells manufactured using non-halogenated and non-aromatic solvent
摘要： The use of photovoltaic devices as converters of solar energy into electricity is a relevant technology to the global energy needs and, at the same time, it mitigates the negative impact on the environment caused by conventional sources. Although polymer solar cells are properly considered as clean and renewable source of electricity production, the processing involved in the manufacture of such devices still contains toxic elements. The formation of thin films of active layer in bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells, as example, usually uses halogenated solvents as chlorobenzene (CB), dichlorobenzene (DCB), or chloroform (CF), which represent certain risks of toxicity to the human body and to the environment. This work aims to show that it is possible to manufacture organic solar cells using less-toxic solvents, in special to the environment, whose final efficiency results are similar to those that have been processed by conventional halogenated solvents. With the aid of the Hansen solubility parameters (HSP), we identified non-halogenated and non-aromatic solvent that showed chemical compatibility with donor polymers and acceptor molecules used in the device’s active layer. The fabricated devices were then characterized and their photovoltaic responses compared to the conventional equivalents.
关键词： non-halogenated solvents,polymer solar cells,photovoltaic devices,non-aromatic solvents,solar energy,halogenated solvents,Hansen solubility parameters
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Design of color tunable thin film polymer solar cells for photovoltaics printing
摘要： Color tunable thin film polymer solar cells have demonstrated the potentials of a wide applications in photovoltaics printing, which is significant for ink pollution reduction and energy saving. This work presents a new effective approach to realize color-tuning photovoltaic cells with optical microcavity structures. Aluminum-doped zinc oxide is utilized as electron transport layer material. With its high electrical conductivity, the thickness tuning range can be quite large, which means the cavity length has a wide variation range. It thus provides sufficient space for optical thin film design to obtain multi colors. By the transfer matrix method, device reflection and absorption spectra are numerically investigated. Based on that, the optical principles for color tunability are explored. In further step, the relationship between device photovoltaics performance and reflective colors are also discussed. Finally, the color coordinates and luminosities are calculated. As results, the colors of the devices designed are capable to cover a relatively large region in Commission Internationale de l′Eclairage (CIE) 1931 x, y chromaticity diagram, which is available to be integrated into the advertisement poster boards, building wall printing and other display applications.
关键词： optical microcavity,thin film polymer solar cells,aluminum-doped zinc oxide,photovoltaics printing,color tunable
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Surface Modification on Nanoripple-like ZnO Nanorod Arrays Using Two-dimensional (2D) Bi2OS2 to Fabricate High-Performance Inverted Polymer Solar Cells
摘要： In this paper, three-dimensional (3D) nanoripple-like ZnO nanorod arrays (R-ZnO NRAs) are successfully fabricated and modified by two-dimensional (2D) Bi2OS2 material, and inverted polymer solar cells (IPSCs) with R-ZnO modified by Bi2OS2 as electron transmission layer (ETL) are fabricated for the first time. The results show that the surface morphologies of R-ZnO NRAs can be controlled by adjusting the concentration of the modified 2D Bi2OS2 solution. Bi2OS2 modification can not only suppress the surface defects of R-ZnO NRAs, reduce the recombination of photogenerated charges, but also increase crystallinity of the active layer, resulting in effective electron collection. And thus, the performance of IPSCs is obviously improved. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PTB7: PCBM based PSCs with R-ZnO NRAs modified by 2% Bi2O2S as ETL is considerably raised to 7.31% from 5.51%. More interestingly, Bi2OS2 modification enhances IPSCs stability to remain 80.9% of their initial PCE after 80 days, yet IPSCs with pristine R-ZnO NRAs remain only 47.4% of their initial PCE. Moreover, this approach can also successfully improve the performance of another IPSC composed of PBDB-T: ITIC blends. The PCE of the device based on 2% Bi2OS2-modified R-ZnO NRAs is improved to 9.94% from 8.03% of the reference device without Bi2OS2 modification. This work not only provides an effective mean of surface modification of R-ZnO NRAs, but also shows the Bi2OS2 material has potential application in PSCs.
关键词： Recombination,Bi2OS2 nanosheets,Inverted polymer solar cells,Nanoripple-like ZnO nanorod arrays
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Effects of the Isomerized Thiophene-Fused Ending Groups on the Performances of Twisted Non-Fullerene Acceptor-Based Polymer Solar Cells.
摘要： Recently, benefiting from the merits of small molecule acceptors (NFAs), polymer solar cells (PSCs) have achieved tremendous advances. From the perspective of the structural characteristics of the π-conjugated acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A)-type of organic molecules, the backbone’s planarity, as well as the terminal groups and their substituents, have strong influences on the performances of the constructed NFAs. Through enlarging the dihedral angle of the conjugated main-chain of NFAs, a certain degree of enhanced photovoltaic parameters have been achieved. To further probe the influences of ending groups on the performances of nonplanar NFAs, we synthesized two new NFAs of i-cc23 and i-cc34 with isomerized thiophene-fused ending groups and twisted π-conjugated main-chain. Compared to the i-cc23 containing 2-(6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopenta[b]thiophen-4-ylidene)malononitrile ending group, the 2-(6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopenta[c]thiophen-4-ylidene)malononitrile contained acceptor i-cc34 has a relatively higher molar extinction coefficient, bathochromic-shifted absorption spectrum, and deepened energy levels. When mixed with PBDB-T in solar cells, the i-cc23-based device achieved an excellent open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.10 V and a moderated power conversion efficiency of 7.34%. Although the VOC of i-cc34 related device was decreased to 0.96 V, the short-circuit current density and fill factor were improved, giving rise to enhanced efficiency of 9.51%. Apart from the distinct photovoltaic performances, the two isomers-based devices exhibit high radiative efficiency of 8×10-4, leading to a very small non-radiative loss of 0.19 V. Our results emphasize the importance of the isomerized thiophene-fused ending groups on the performances of nonplanar NFAs-based PSCs.
关键词： Twisted small molecular electron-acceptors,Thiophene-fused ending groups,Polymer solar cells,Isomerized end-groups,Non-radiative energy loss
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Toward Efficient Triple-Junction Polymer Solar Cells through Rational Selection of Middle Cells
摘要： The photon energy losses of polymer solar cells (PSCs) routinely drag their experimental power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) far below the theoretical limits. We report herein efficient triple-junction PSCs (TJ-PSCs) with mitigated energy losses through rational selection of subcells. We reveal that avoiding strong photon competition between the front and middle cells is critical in balancing the absorption rate among subcells with realistic layer thicknesses. Efficient TJ-PSCs are achieved by stacking a front cell of PBDB-T-2F:PC71BM, a middle cell of PBDB-T:HF-TCIC, and a rear cell of PTB7-Th: IEICO-4F in series and connecting them with two functional interconnection layers. A PCE of 13.09% is obtained from champion devices, representing one of the best TJ-PSCs among the reported studies. It accounts for a 35% improvement in efficiency over those of single-junction PSCs with the same absorption range, which is mainly attributed to the reduced nonabsorbing and thermalization losses of TJ-PSCs.
关键词： polymer solar cells,photon energy losses,power conversion efficiencies,nonfullerene acceptors,triple-junction
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Perylene Diimide Based Conjugated Polymers for All Polymer Solar Cells
摘要： For recent decades, non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) are undergoing rapid development and emerging as a hot area in the field of organic solar cells. Among the high performance nonfullerene acceptors, aromatic diimide based electron acceptors remain to be the highly promising systems. This review discusses the important progress of perylene diimide (PDI)-based polymers as nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) in all polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) since 2014. The relationship between structure and property, matching aspects between donors and acceptors and device fabrications are unveiled from a synthetic chemist perspective.
关键词： nonfullerene acceptors (NFA),all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs),energy levels,perylene diimide (PDI),PCE
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Organic Amines as Targeting Stabilizer at the Polymer/Fullerene Interface for Polymer:PC <sub/>61</sub> BM Solar Cells
摘要： Herein, it is demonstrated that a small amount (0.05% in weight ratio) of polyethyleneimine (PEI) can effectively suppress the “burn-in” degradation of both PTB7-Th:PC61BM and P3HT:PC61BM cells, similar to the piperazine derivatives, suggesting that organic amines can serve as universal stabilizer in polymer:PC61BM solar cells. Light-induced electron spin resonance (LESR) spectroscopy measurement shows a higher ESR signal intensity of PC61BM anions in 0.2% PEI-doped film than in 1% piperazine-doped film. Moreover, no piperazine is detected in a 10% (w/w) piperazine-doped film by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GS─MS). These results suggest that the residual piperazine in the blend film is very low, which can be understood by the high volatility of piperazine. Quantum calculations are performed on the intermolecular binding energy (EB) between polymer (using model repeating units), PC61BM, and piperazine molecules. Results reveal that piperazine prefers to localize at the polymer:fullerene interface by complexing with PC61BM (in P3HT:PC61BM) or PTB7-Th (in PTB7-Th:PC61BM system), which indicates that the photo dimerization of PC61BM which causes the “burn-in” degradation of polymer:fullerene solar cells mainly happens at the donor/acceptor interface, and the organic amine serves as the targeting stabilizer at the interface.
关键词： quantum calculations,polymer solar cells,organic amines,stabilizers
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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A wide-bandgap nonplanar small molecule acceptor having indenofluorene core for non-fullerene polymer solar cells
摘要： Recently, the nonplanar non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) are attractive in active layers in highly efficient polymer solar cells (PSCs) because of their up-shifted energy levels, improved absorption as well as charge transportation performances. However, presently nonplanar NFAs always absorb the lights in the long-wavelength region and even to near-infrared (NIR) region, which limits their further utilization in low-bandgap polymer donor-based PSCs. To further probe the performances of nonplanar NFAs in low-bandgap polymer-based PSCs, a new twisted NFA (i-IF-4F) having indenofluorene derivatives as the electron-donating fused-ring core was synthesized. Due to the relatively weak electron-donating ability of the indenofluorene core, this newly designed NFA has wide optical bandgap (1.79 eV) with absorption spectrum ranged from 450 to 690 nm, suitable lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO, -3.71 eV) and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO, -5.55 eV) energy levels, which ensure its matching well with the typically low-bandgap polymer (PTB7-Th) to achieve complementary absorption and proper differences in energy levels. After thermal annealing treatment, the film morphologies, charge transfer properties and charge recombination performances of i-IF-4F:PTB7-Th-based device was improved to a certain degree, leading to an optimized power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.47%. The work in this manuscript demonstrates the applicability of wide-bandgap twisted acceptors in PSCs and the possible approach to further improve the performances of wide-bandgap nonplanar acceptors in PSCs.
关键词： Polymer solar cells,Indenofluorene,Main-chain twisted small molecules,Wide bandgap non-fullerene acceptors
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Solution-processable PEDOT:PSS:?±-In2Se3 with enhanced conductivity as a hole transport layer for high-performance polymer solar cells
摘要： Two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets have attracted enormous attention in photovoltaic devices owing to their outstanding photoelectric properties in recent years. Herein, 2D α-In2Se3 nanosheets with higher conductivity and suitable work function are synthesized by liquid phase exfoliation method. To ameliorate the low conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) (2.21×10-3 S cm-1), α-In2Se3 nanosheets are directly added into PEDOT:PSS to obtain PEDOT:PSS:α-In2Se3 composite film. The composite film exhibits excellent optical transmittance, suitable work function, and enhanced conductivity (1.54×10-2 S cm-1). To profoundly investigate the mechanism of conductivity improvement, XPS, Raman, EPR and AFM measurements are conducted. The results show that the synergistic effect of 2D α-In2Se3 nanosheets and isopropanol/deionized water cosolvent screens the Coulombic attraction among PEDOT and PSS. The screening effect results in the partial removal of PSS and the benzoid-quinoid transition of PEDOT. In addition, α-In2Se3 nanosheets may serve as physical linkers for PEDOT chains. Both effects are beneficial to increase interfacial contact area between PEDOT chains and form a larger conductive network of PEDOT, leading to an enhanced conductivity. The composite film is first employed as a hole transport layer (HTL) in polymer solar cells (PSCs). The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PBDB-T:ITIC-based device with composite HTL is 10% higher than that of unmodified PBDB-T:ITIC-based device, and the maximum PCE of 15.89% is achieved in PM6:Y6 system. More interestingly, the stability of devices with composite HTL is improved owing to the partial removal of PSS. Thus the PEDOT:PSS:α-In2Se3 composite can be an application prospect HTL material in PSCs.
关键词： polymer solar cells,hole transport layer,α-In2Se3,PEDOT:PSS,stability
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Conjugated side-chains engineering of polymer donor enabling improved efficiency for polymer solar cells
摘要： Generally, molecular optimization is widely used to fine-tune the absorption features and energy levels of photovoltaic materials to improve their photovoltaic performance for polymer solar cells (PSCs). In this work, we demonstrate an example that the morphological properties can be effectively optimized by conjugated side-chains engineering on benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDT) unit. The polymer donors PBNT-S with alkylthio-thienyl substitution and PBNP-S with alkylthio-phenyl substitution have identical absorption spectra and energy levels, while exhibit significantly different morphological properties when blended with nonfullerene acceptor Y6. The PBNT-S:Y6 blend shows obviously over crystallinity with excessive domain sizes, while the PBNP-S:Y6 blend realizes better nanoscale phase separation. As a result, a notable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.31% with a high fill factor (FF) of 0.694 is achieved in the PBNP-S:Y6-based device, while the PBNT-S:Y6-based device yields a moderate PCE of 11.10% and a relatively low FF of 0.605. Additionally, PBNP-S shows great potential in semitransparent PSCs, that the PBNP-S:Y6-based semitransparent PSC achieves an outstanding PCE of 11.86%, with an average visible transmittance of 24.3%. The results demonstrate a feasible strategy to manipulate the morphological properties of blend film via rational molecular optimization to improve the photovoltaic performance.
关键词： polymer solar cells,morphological properties,conjugated side-chains engineering,semitransparent PSCs,power conversion efficiency
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01