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Feasibility of High-Resolution PET Detector Readout by Two-Dimensional Tetra-Lateral Position-Sensitive Silicon Photomultiplier
摘要： In this paper, we present the feasibility of high-resolution PET detector readout by a two-dimensional (2D) tetra-lateral position-sensitive Silicon photomultiplier with an intrinsic cap resistive layer for charge division (CRL-SiPM). The scintillation imaging sensor for 511keV gamma ray detection is realized by coupling a 5×5 array of 0.45×0.45×6 mm3 LYSO crystals to the CRL-SiPM with an active area of 2.77×2.77 mm2 and micro APD cell pitch of ~10 μm. The scintillator arrays are clearly distinguished and good scintillator array imaging with little position distortion has been achieved. An energy resolution of ~13.5% and coincidence time resolution of 555 ps are demonstrated, respectively. Therefore, the potential PET imaging sensor with greatly reduced readout channels has been verified.
关键词： position sensitive,Silicon photomultiplier,LYSO,Avalanche photodiodes,PET detector
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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An Advanced 100-Channel Readout System for Nuclear Imaging
摘要： Reading out from large-scale silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) arrays is a fundamental technical obstacle blocking the application of revolutionary SiPM technologies in nuclear imaging systems. Typically, it requires using dedicated application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) that need a long iterative process, special expertise, and tools to develop. The pico-positron emission tomography (Pico-PET) electronics system is an advanced 100-channel readout system based on 1-bit sigma–delta modulation and a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). It is compact (6 × 6 × 0.8 cm3 in size), consumes little power (less than 3W), and is constructed with off-the-shelf low-cost components. In experimental studies, the Pico-PET system demonstrates excellent and consistent performance. In addition, it has some unique features that are essential for nuclear imaging systems, such as its ability to measure V–I curves, breakdown voltages, and the dark currents of 100 SiPMs accurately, simultaneously, and in real time. The flexibility afforded by FPGAs allows multiple-channel clustering and intelligent triggering for different detector designs. These highly sought-after features are not offered by any other ASICs and electronics systems developed for nuclear imaging. We conclude that the Pico-PET electronics system provides a practical solution to the long-standing bottleneck problem that has limited the development of potentially advanced nuclear imaging technology using SiPMs.
关键词： silicon photomultiplier (SiPM),readout electronics,Field-programmable gate array (FPGA),nuclear imaging,sigma–delta modulation
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Silicon photomultipliers applied to the fluorescence detection of biomarkers
摘要： The silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) has advantages that allow it to detect low levels of light intensity in medical, chemical and biological applications; it can also build integrated, portable microfluidic systems. This paper presents a SIPM application designed for the detection of fluorescence of biomarkers. In order to minimise the volume of the tested sample, the measurements were conducted in a microfluidic system. A data acquisition system for the SiPM has been designed consisting of a dedicated application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) required to amplify and shape signals from the photodetector. The application has been designed with the aim of transforming it into a portable device. The detection method chosen in the research is based on flow cytometry and single molecule detection [1,2]. Although only a single photodetector was used, the presented applications can be adapted to multi-detector measurements. Initially, the application measured the fluorescence of fluorophores. Afterwards, it was used in the detection of Anti-NPR1 to confirm the effectiveness of the method. The application is not dedicated to a single antigen. It can be applied for the detection of a vast range of biomarkers.
关键词： Biomarkers,Fluorescence detection,Silicon photomultiplier
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Prototype time-of-flight PET utilizing capacitive multiplexing readout method
摘要： Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging technique that provides the spatial distribution of radiopharmaceuticals labeled with positron emitting radioisotopes by detecting the gamma rays produced from positron-electron annihilation. Recently, a time-of-flight (TOF) PET has drawn an increasing attention because it is capable of reducing the scan time or injected dose with improved the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in reconstructed PET images by precisely localizing the emission point along the line-of-response using TOF information. This study presents a multiplexing method that can effectively reduce the number of readout channels of a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) based TOF PET while achieving excellent timing resolution. A capacitive multiplexing method was employed that could improve the degradation of the timing performance occurring in a conventional resistive multiplexing method. In addition, a high-speed signal processing method is also presented for the TOF PET. A TOF PET prototype was developed to demonstrate the imaging capability of the TOF PET system. A flood histogram of a PET detector module, composed of an 8×8 array of 3.01×3.01×20.00 mm3 lutetium fine silicate (LFS) scintillators and an 8×8 array of 3.16×3.16 mm2 SiPMs, was acquired using the proposed method. All 64 scintillators were successfully resolved in the flood histogram. The average energy resolution and coincidence resolving time (CRT) were 14.2±1.1% and 431±41 ps full width at half maximum (FWHM), respectively. A tomographic image of the hot-rod phantom was successfully acquired using the TOF PET prototype, and rods with a size of 2.4 mm in diameter were clearly resolved in the reconstructed image.
关键词： PET imaging,silicon photomultiplier,Time-of-flight PET,capacitive multiplexing,timing resolution
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Well structure engineering to improve the responsivity of p-on-n SiPM developed at KAIST-NNFC
摘要： This paper describes the electrical and optical properties of the p-on-n silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) developed at KAIST-NNFC. In particular, we present a comparison of the new and old versions in terms of several SiPM characteristics to highlight the improvements achieved through internal structure engineering. The new-version sensors were fabricated on a 200 mm n-doped epitaxial silicon wafer with an abrupt p+/n junction structure identical to that used in the old-version sensors using 0.18 μm CMOS technology. Based on the previous work, several changes were applied to the improved sensors, such as rapid thermal processing (RTP) conditions and ion implantation conditions for junction formation. In the work, we demonstrate that the reverse current is reduced by more than a factor of 104 with the modified RTP conditions. Furthermore, we show that the breakdown voltage is decreased by nearly 20% and the PDE in the blue-light regime is enhanced by nearly a factor of two as a result of internal structure engineering.
关键词： Silicon photomultiplier,SiPM,p-on-n structure
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14