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- 实验方案
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A simple method to synthesize low-cost carbon modified TiO <sub/>2</sub> counter electrodes for high-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells
摘要： Low cost and stable counter electrodes (CE) for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) are promising for widespread use. In this paper, we report a simple and effective method to synthesize carbon modified TiO2 (TiO2/C) thin film as an abundant low cost CE for high-efficiency DSSC. The TiO2 paste layer contained organic compound was deposited on FTO glass substrate by a screen-printing method. When annealing the TiO2 paste layer at 450–550 °C under Ar flow, these organic compounds are decomposed to carbon to form carbon coated TiO2 nanoparticles. When used as a CE of DSSCs, the experimental results point out that the photoelectric conversion efficiency of DSSCs was obviously improved to near that of the referenced Pt CE. For TiO2/C is one of the cheapest and most stable materials, this TiO2/C can be used as a low cost CE for large scale high efficient DSSCs.
关键词： carbon nano materials,solar energy materials,counter electrode,dye-sensitized solar cell
更新于2025-11-14 17:04:02
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A direct one-step synthesis of ultrathin g-C3N4 nanosheets from thiourea for boosting solar photocatalytic H2 evolution
摘要： Two-dimensional (2D) graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets, as the promising photocatalyst with fascinating properties, have become a 'rising star' in the field of photocatalysis. Although g-C3N4 nanosheets exfoliated from the bulk g-C3N4 powders are extensively emerged, developing a simple synthetic approach is still full of challenge. To this end, here we report a direct polymerization strategy to fabricate the ultrathin g-C3N4 nanosheets, that is only heating treatment of thiourea in air without addition of any template. The photocatalytic activities of as-prepared samples were evaluated by photoreduction of water to hydrogen (H2) using triethanolamine as sacrificial agent and Pt as co-catalyst under visible-light irradiation (λ > 420 nm). As a result, our few-layered g-C3N4 nanosheets with an average thickness of 3.5 nm exhibit a superior visible-light photocatalytic H2 evolution rate (HER) of 1391 μmol g?1 h?1 and a remarkable apparent quantum efficiency of 6.6% at 420 nm. Eventually, the HER of as-fabricated ultrathin g-C3N4 nanosheets is not only much higher than the dicyandiamide-derived g-C3N4 or melamine-derived g-C3N4, but also greater than the thermal-oxidation etched g-C3N4 nanosheets under the same condition.
关键词： g-C3N4 nanosheets,Template-free polymerization,Solar energy conversion,2D materials,Photocatalysis,One-step synthesis
更新于2025-11-14 17:03:37
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A microfluidic all-vanadium photoelectrochemical cell with the N-doped TiO2 photoanode for enhancing the solar energy storage
摘要： In this work, the nitrogen-doped TiO2 photocatalyst is synthesized and applied in a microfluidic all-vanadium photoelectrochemical cell for enhancing the solar energy storage. The use of the nitrogen-doped TiO2 photoanode and the minimization design can ensure the visible-light response, increased specific surface area, vigorous pore structure and enhanced photon and mass transport as well as more uniform light distribution. Various characterizations are performed to evaluate the developed photocatalyst and microfluidic all-vanadium photoelectrochemical cell. The results confirm that the developed nitrogen-doped TiO2 photoanode can provide both the extended absorption spectrum and the small anatase crystal size as well as the obviously enlarged specific surface area with plentiful pore structure. Because of these merits, the microfluidic all-vanadium photoelectrochemical cell with the nitrogen-doped TiO2 photoanode yield the average photocurrent density of 0.103 mA/cm2 during the long-term operation, which is much higher than those with the un-doped TiO2 photoanode (0.086 mA/cm2) and commercial P25 TiO2 photoanode (0.073 mA/cm2), presenting 19.8% and 41% improvements, respectively. The results demonstrate not only the promotion of the vanadium reversible redox pairs conversion but also the inherently excellent stability by the nitrogen-doped TiO2 photoanode.
关键词： Photoanode,N-doped TiO2 photocatalyst,Conversion rate,Microfluidic all-vanadium photoelectrochemical cell,Solar energy storage
更新于2025-11-14 17:03:37
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Performance optimization of bi-layer solar steam generation system through tuning porosity of bottom layer
摘要： In recent years, solar steam generation has attracted many attentions due to its potential applications in desalination, etc. In the present work, a bi-layer solar steam generation system is prepared by daubing carbon particles on the sintered sawdust film, which possesses an advantage of adjustable porosities compared to widely used wood. Then, the influence of the porosity on the evaporation performance is explored. The experimental result indicates that: the porosity could significantly affect the water transportation in the film, and the water diffusivity increases almost linearly with the increase of the porosity. The evaporation efficiency increases with the increasing porosity, until the porosity reaches about 0.52 then decrease slowly. The positive effect of the increased water diffusivity and the negative effect of the increased thermal conductivity of the bottom film layer determine that the porosity of 0.52 is optimal for improving the evaporation efficiency. Under a solar light power of 1 kW·m?2, the optimal porosity gives an evaporation efficiency of 77.64%, which is comparable to the best performance of bi-layer systems reported in previous works. The conduction of heat through the bottom layer to the bulk water and the convection heat loss on the top surface contribute 83% to the total heat losses in the system, suggesting that the energy losses of these two modes should be further reduced in the future applications. Considering the accessible materials, easy preparation, low cost and high efficiency, we conclude that the 0.52-porosity system is suitable for being used as an efficient solar steam generation device.
关键词： Solar steam generation,Thermal conductivity,Solar energy,Porous material
更新于2025-11-14 15:14:40
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Unravelling the effect of charge dynamics at the plasmonic metal/semiconductor interface for CO2 photoreduction
摘要： Sunlight plays a critical role in the development of emerging sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies. Light-induced CO2 reduction by artificial photosynthesis is one of the cornerstones to produce renewable fuels and environmentally friendly chemicals. Interface interactions between plasmonic metal nanoparticles and semiconductors exhibit improved photoactivities under a wide range of the solar spectrum. However, the photo-induced charge transfer processes and their influence on photocatalysis with these materials are still under debate, mainly due to the complexity of the involved routes occurring at different timescales. Here, we use a combination of advanced in situ and time-resolved spectroscopies covering different timescales, combined with theoretical calculations, to unravel the overall mechanism of photocatalytic CO2 reduction by Ag/TiO2 catalysts. Our findings provide evidence of the key factors determining the enhancement of photoactivity under ultraviolet and visible irradiation, which have important implications for the design of solar energy conversion materials.
关键词： Ag/TiO2 catalysts,photocatalysis,plasmonic metal nanoparticles,sustainable energy,solar energy conversion,artificial photosynthesis
更新于2025-10-22 19:40:53
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[IEEE 2018 IEEE XXVII International Scientific Conference Electronics (ET) - Sozopol, Bulgaria (2018.9.13-2018.9.15)] 2018 IEEE XXVII International Scientific Conference Electronics - ET - Algorithm for Single Axis Solar Tracker
摘要： The Sun gives us PW’s free of charge renewable energy, which can be converted into electricity by photovoltaic panels or into heat by sun collectors. Algorithm and hardware block diagram of single axis solar tracker are made in this paper. Also a comparison is made between a single axis solar tracking photo voltaic system and a fixed one. One axis solar tracking system gets average up to 30% more solar energy in comparison with the static one.
关键词： Solar Energy,Microcontroller,Photovoltaic,Green Energy,Solar Tracker
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Characterization of the solar climate in Malawi using NASAs surface meteorology and solar energy (SSE) model
摘要： This paper presents the characterization of global solar radiation (GSR) for Malawi using NASA’s SSE model. The mean monthly daily GSR monthly variation in the three regions of Malawi has been investigated. It has been found that there is a general gradient in GSR in the north-south direction. This gradient correlates well with the variation of the clearness index in the same direction (r = 0.986). It has been observed that the GSR is characteristic of each region. Simple analytic polynomials have been proposed for estimating solar radiation in the traditional Northern, Central and Southern regions of Malawi. There is a strong agreement between the polynomials and the SSE model with R2 values of 0.988, 0.989 and 0.989 and root mean square errors of 0.061, 0.057 and 0.062 kWh/m2.day for the regions, respectively.
关键词： surface meteorology and solar energy (SSE) model,global solar radiation,Malawi,solar climate
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Expansion of the Supply of Solar Energy and Cost Cutting of Housing Programs for Low-Income and Middle Class Families
摘要： The purpose of this article to reconcile two public policy objectives: to provide housing for low-income families (through the expansion of the Minha Casa, Minha Vida (My Home, My Life) Program) with reduction of costs, and to expand the supply of renewable (solar) energy to dilute the harmful effects on the environment of the excessive use of energy from hydroelectric and thermal sources. The idea is not new, as similar programs already exist in Germany that invests heavily in solar power. What is encouraging is the amplitude of solar power generation that can be achieved in Brazil. Solar energy accounts for 40% of the global energy mix as opposed to Brazil’s share of 0.01%, showing enormous potential for expansion, as we are blessed with considerable year-round solar energy, unlike countries with very unstable weather conditions. We show that the cost to install solar panels and batteries for a low-income three-member family with the sale of surplus energy to a power distribution concessionaire represents an approximate increase of R$ 48,000 on the total amount that they already pay for their home loan. However, these families will actually pay around 40% of the funding, as the balance is deducted from the surplus value generated by the photovoltaic system. The total generation of solar energy would reach 164TWh with this program — today it is 11MWh —, climbing steeply from a 0.01% share in the composition of the mix to over 31% of the national power generation. This proposal also provides an increase in the disposable income of families participating in housing programs and reduces the subsidy for housing programs.
关键词： reduction of subsidies for affordable housing,solar energy,renewable energy
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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[SpringerBriefs in Energy] Grid Parity and Carbon Footprint (An Analysis for Residential Solar Energy in the Mediterranean Area) ||
摘要： In the context of global warming, big cities’ atmosphere is always more contaminated and natural disasters in augmentation, solar energy, and more generally renewable energies are sources of great enthusiasm. Besides, thanks to recent improvements in technologies, the costs of photovoltaic (PV) have strongly declined in the last decades and are now accessible for particulars. The purpose of this project is then to study the economic profitability of solar energy for a residential use. A common and appropriate tool for this is the grid parity. This term, largely used in the literature, refers to the moment when producing electricity from solar modules will have the same cost than buying it from the grid. Grid parity depends mainly on the geographic position (as solar irradiation is very different from a place to another) and on the local electricity price. Consequently, a country with expensive electricity and a high rate of irradiation is more likely to reach grid parity soon. In the present study, the geographic framework chosen is the Mediterranean area, which includes countries with similar climates but with other differences sufficiently important to obtain interesting comparative results. The PV system used in the following model is a basic one since it does not include energy storage or resale to the grid, which gives a conservative perspective to the study. Extensive financial analysis is conducted in order to determine under which conditions it is the most profitable. The secondary objective is to evaluate the environmental impact of solar energy, mainly by carrying out carbon footprint analysis. It basically consists in comparing the emissions released by the manufacturing process of the modules to the reduction obtained thanks to its utilization. This study is first realized at an individual level and, then, is generalized at a national one in order to measure what could be the contribution of a massive investment in residential solar energy to the Paris agreement objectives.
关键词： Mediterranean area,Carbon footprint,Residential solar energy,Economic profitability,Environmental impact,Photovoltaic energy,Grid parity
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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[IEEE 2018 IEEE 7th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC) (A Joint Conference of 45th IEEE PVSC, 28th PVSEC & 34th EU PVSEC) - Waikoloa Village, HI, USA (2018.6.10-2018.6.15)] 2018 IEEE 7th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC) (A Joint Conference of 45th IEEE PVSC, 28th PVSEC & 34th EU PVSEC) - Commercial Test of Anti-Reflective Coating on First Solar Cadmium Telluride PV Modules
摘要： Anti-reflective coatings (ARC) are commonly applied to photovoltaic (PV) modules in the solar industry to increase power and energy output. In addition to characterization of initial module power and angle of incidence modifier (IAM), it is important to verify that the expected gain is observed in commercial system operation. This analysis shows the increased performance of ARC First Solar CdTe PV modules compared to non-ARC equivalent modules in a commercial test in New South Wales, Australia. PPI analysis indicates a sustained ARC performance gain over time, suggesting good ARC durability. Detailed actual-expected analysis shows both array types performing at or above expected levels after almost 2 years in the field. ARC arrays show slightly greater benefit than predicted compared to non-ARC arrays.
关键词： CdTe thin film photovoltaics,solar power generation,performance analysis,photovoltaic systems,PV anti-reflective coatings,solar energy
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52