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Numerical and experimental study on keyhole and melt flow dynamics during laser welding of aluminium alloys under subatmospheric pressures
摘要： Porosity defects was highly related to the keyhole and melt flow dynamic during laser welding process. In this paper, a novel 3D numerical model was developed to describe the keyhole dynamic and melt flow behaviors during laser welding of 5A06 aluminium alloy under subatmospheric pressures. The effect of ambient pressure on laser welding process was taken into consideration by optimizing the boiling point of aluminium alloy and recoil pressure of evaporated metallic vapor jets based on vapor–liquid equilibria calculation and Wilson equation. A moving hybrid heat source model was employed to describe the laser energy distribution under subatmospheric pressures. Numerical results indicated that a wider and deeper keyhole with less humps was produced under subatmospheric pressure comparing with that of atmospheric pressure. The vortices in the rear keyhole wall became unapparent or even disappeared with the decrease of ambient pressures. The melt flow velocity on the keyhole wall was larger under a lower pressure. A smaller difference between boiling point and melting point was produced and this led to the formation of a thinner keyhole wall and improved the stability of molten pool. Larger recoil pressure produced under subatmospheric pressure was responsible for the weakened vortices and enhanced melt flow velocity. Bigger keyhole opening size, larger melt flow velocity, thinner keyhole and the weakened vortices all resulted into the reduction of porosity defects during laser welding of aluminium alloys. Based on the simulation results, the plasma distribution, weld formation and porosity defects had been demonstrated. The compared results showed that the simulation results exhibited good agreements with the experimental ones.
关键词： Porosity defects,Keyhole stability,Numerical simulation,Subatmospheric pressure,Melt flow dynamic,Laser welding
更新于2025-11-28 14:24:20
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An Optical MEMS Acoustic Sensor Based on Grating Interferometer
摘要： Acoustic detection is of great signi?cance because of its wide applications. This paper reports a Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) acoustic sensor based on grating interferometer. In the MEMS structure, a diaphragm and a micro-grating made up the interference cavity. A short-cavity structure was designed and fabricated to reduce the impact of temperature on the cavity length in order to improve its stability against environment temperature variations. Besides this, through holes were designed in the substrate of the grating to reduce the air damping of the short-cavity structure. A silicon diaphragm with a 16.919 μm deep cavity and 2.4 μm period grating were fabricated by an improved MEMS process. The fabricated sensor chip was packaged on a conditioning circuit with a laser diode and a photodetector for acoustic detection. The output voltage signal in response to an acoustic wave is of high quality. The sensitivity of the acoustic sensor is up to ?15.14 dB re 1 V/Pa @ 1 kHz. The output signal of the high-stability acoustic sensor almost unchanged as the environment temperature ranged from 5 ?C to 55 ?C.
关键词： interferometry,stability,acoustic sensors,MEMS,grating
更新于2025-11-28 14:23:57
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Fluorescence microscope light source stability
摘要： The process of fluorescence starts with the efficient generation of light that is required for the excitation of fluorophores. As such, light sources are a crucial component of a fluorescence microscope. Choosing the right illumination tool can not only improve the quality of experimental results, but also the microscope’s economic and environmental footprint. While arc lamps have historically proven to be a reliable light source for widefield fluorescence microscopy, solid-state light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have become the light source of choice for new fluorescence microscopy systems. In this paper, we demonstrate that LEDs have superior light stability on all timescales tested and use less electrical power than traditional light sources when used at lower power outputs. They can be readily switched on and off electronically, have a longer lifetime and they do not contain mercury, and thus are better for the environment. We demonstrate that it is important to measure light source power output during warm-up and switching, as a light source’s responsiveness (in terms of power) can be quite variable. Several general protocols for testing light source stability are presented. A detailed life cycle analysis shows that an LED light source can have a fourfold lower environmental impact when compared to a metal halide source.
关键词： Light source,Fluorescence,Solid state,LED,Stability,Microscopy
更新于2025-11-21 11:24:58
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Stable Sn/Pb-Based Perovskite Solar Cells with a Coherent 2D/3D Interface
摘要： Low-band-gap metal halide perovskite semiconductor based on mixed Sn/Pb is a key component to realize high-ef?ciency tandem perovskite solar cells. However, the mixed perovskites are unstable in air due to the oxidation of Sn2+. To overcome the stability problem, we introduced N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-pyrrolidinone into the CH3NH3Sn0.5Pb0.5IxCl3-x thin ?lm. The carbonyl group on the molecule interacts with Sn2+/Pb2+ by Lewis acid coordination, forming vertically oriented 2D layered perovskite. The 2D phase is seamlessly connected to the bulk perovskite crystal, with a lattice coherently extending across the two phases. Based on this 2D/3D hybrid structure, we assembled low-band-gap Sn-based perovskite solar cells with power conversion ef?ciency greater than 12%. The best device was among the most stable Sn-based organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells to date, keeping 90% of its initial performance at ambient condition without encapsulation, and more than 70% under continuous illumination in an N2-?lled glovebox for over 1 month.
关键词： power conversion efficiency,2D/3D interface,stability,Sn/Pb-based,perovskite solar cells
更新于2025-11-21 11:18:25
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On the Blue Emitting Phosphor Na <sub/>3</sub> RbMg <sub/>7</sub> (PO <sub/>4</sub> ) <sub/>6</sub> :Eu <sup>2+</sup> Showing Ultra High Thermal Stability
摘要： This work concerns a novel blue emitting LED phosphor activated by Eu2+. It turned out that this luminescent material can be efficiently pumped by near UV or UV-A radiation sources while it exhibits a high quantum yield for a doping level between 0.3 and 3.0%. More impressively, the material has a very high quenching temperature T1/2 and will thus be applicable on-chip in high power phosphor converted LEDs or even in laser diodes. The emission and thermal stability is almost identical to that of BAM:Eu2+ while the absorption band is broader and reaches into the near UV range. Therefore, Na3RbMg7(PO4)6:Eu2+ is a promising candidate as a blue emitter in high CRI full conversion LEDs. To investigate the site preference of Eu2+, DFT and Ligand Field Theory based calculations were performed to successfully predict the emission spectrum. An unusual decay behavior was observed at low temperatures and the underlying mechanism involving spin-forbidden transitions of Eu2+ is discussed.
关键词： high thermal stability,solid state lighting,Eu2+ luminescence,near UV LED,high CRI,decay time,Blue photoluminescence
更新于2025-11-21 11:18:25
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Post-synthesis phase and shape evolution of CsPbBr3 colloidal nanocrystals: The role of ligands
摘要： The surface chemistry of colloidal cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) nanocrystals is decisive in determining the stability and the final morphology of this class of materials, characterized by ionic structure and a high defect tolerance factor. Here, the high sensitivity of purified colloidal nanocubes of CsPbBr3 to diverse environmental condition (solvent dilution, ageing, ligands post synthetic treatment) in ambient atmosphere is investigated by means of a comprehensive morphological (electron microscopy), structural (θ/2θ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and grazing incidence wide angle scattering (GIWAXS)), and spectroscopic chemical (1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY), absorption and emission spectroscopy) characterization. The aging and solvent dilution contribute to modify the nanocrystal morphology, due to a modification of the ligand dynamic. Moreover, we establish the ability of aliphatic carboxylic acids and alkyl amines ligands to induce, even in a post preparative process at room temperature, structural, morphological and spectroscopic variations. Upon post synthesis alkyl amine addition, in particular of oleyl amine and octyl amine, the highly green emitting CsPbBr3 nanocubes effectively turn into one-dimensional (1D) thin tetragonal nanowires or lead halide deficient rhombohedral zero-dimensional (0D) Cs4PbBr6 structures with a complete loss of fluorescence. The addition of an alkyl carboxylic acid, as oleic and nonanoic acid, produces the transformation of nanocubes into still emitting orthorombic two-dimensional (2D) nanoplates. The acid/base equilibrium between the native and added ligands, the adsorbed/free ligands dynamic in solution and the ligand solubility in non-polar solvent contribute to render CsPbBr3 particularly sensitive to environmental and processing conditions and, therefore prone to undergo to structural, morphological and, hence spectroscopic, transformations.
关键词： lead halide perovskite nanocrystals,surface chemistry,ligands equilibria,long term stability
更新于2025-11-21 11:01:37
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Highly efficient rare-earth-free deep red emitting phosphor La <sub/>2</sub> Li <sub/>1?y</sub> Sb <sub/>1?x</sub> O <sub/>6</sub> : <i>x</i> Mn <sup>4+</sup> , <i>y</i> Mg <sup>2+</sup> : application in high-power warm w-LEDs
摘要： Phosphor-in-glass (PiG), which serves as both a luminescent convertor and organic encapsulation material in high-power white light-emitting diodes (w-LEDs), has become a prospective research hotspot owing to its high transparency and thermal stability. However, YAG:Ce3+ PiG-based LED devices still suffer from a lack of a red component. Therefore, the development of red phosphors with excellent quantum efficiency and superior thermal stability is urgent. Herein, a highly efficient La2Li1?ySb1?xO6:xMn4+,yMg2+ red phosphor with a broadband emission ranging from 670 to 720 nm was fabricated via a conventional solid-state reaction. By co-doping Mg2+ in La2LiSbO6:Mn4+, the emission intensity was enhanced significantly, which reaches as high as 10 times that of the single-doped La2LiSbO6:Mn4+. It is proposed that the Mg2+ dopant can compensate imbalanced charges for the substitution of Sb5+ by Mn4+ and interrupt adverse energy transfer among the Mn4+ activators. Impressively, a maximum quantum yield of up to 80.3% is achieved and about 80% emission intensity is retained at the temperature of 423 K. Furthermore, the crystal field strength (Dq) and Racah parameters (B and C) together with the nephelauxetic ratio (b1) were calculated based on the obtained spectroscopic data. By embedding the red-emitting La2LiSbO6:Mn4+,Mg2+ phosphor and yellow-emitting YAG:Ce3+ phosphor into TeO2-based glass, an inorganic PiG composite as a color converter to replace organic silicone was acquired. The excellent optical parameters and tunable chromaticity feature of the fabricated w-LEDs were achieved by adjusting the mass ratio of La2LiSbO6:Mn4+,Mg2+ to YAG:Ce3+ in the PiG plate, where the correlated color temperature changed from cool white (6555 K) to warm (4130 K) and the color rendering index increased from 73.7 to 86.6 under an operating current of 300 mA.
关键词： Phosphor-in-glass,quantum yield,red phosphor,Mg2+,thermal stability,w-LEDs,Mn4+
更新于2025-11-20 15:33:11
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Robust CsPbX <sub/>3</sub> (X = Cl, Br, and I) perovskite quantum dot embedded glasses: nanocrystallization, improved stability and visible full-spectral tunable emissions
摘要： Currently, all inorganic perovskite quantum dots (QDs) of cesium lead halides (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, and I) have been mainly fabricated using wet chemical methods. Unfortunately, applications of perovskite QDs have been limited due to their poor stability. In the present work, the in situ growth of whole-family CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, and I) perovskite QDs in Zn–P–B–Sb based oxide glass via a glass crystallization strategy is reported. The as-prepared CsPbX3 QDs@glass nanocomposites exhibit typical excitonic recombination emissions and superior chemical stability benefited from the protection of the robust inorganic glass matrix. Through modifying the molar ratio of halide sources in glass, multi-color tunable emissions in the entire visible spectral range of 400–750 nm are achieved. As a result, light-emitting diode devices can be constructed by coupling blue-emissive CsPbBrCl2, green-emissive CsPbBr3 and red-emissive CsPbBr0.5I2.5 QDs@glass powders with a commercial ultraviolet chip, yielding bright white light luminescence with excellent optoelectronic performance.
关键词： stability,light-emitting diodes,tunable emissions,glass crystallization,perovskite quantum dots
更新于2025-11-20 15:33:11
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Demonstration of Photovoltaic Action and Enhanced Stability from a Quasi-Two-Dimensional Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Copper–Halide Material Incorporating Divalent Organic Groups
摘要： Commercialization of solar cells based on photoactive lead–halide perovskites is in-part limited by their toxicity and instability. In this study, new and related copper–halide hybrid organic–inorganic materials containing dicationic 1,6-hexanediammonium (+H3N-C6H12-NH3+) demonstrated superior stability to heat and moisture in comparison to the analogous material containing monocationic 1-propylammonium (C3H7-NH3+) in twice the stoichiometry. Electronic absorption spectra taken of the materials were consistent with an indirect optical bandgap of ~1.8 eV, making them well-suited for application as the photoactive layer in the top cell of a tandem solar cell with silicon. The best-performing single-junction solar cells containing the dicationic material as the photoactive layer exhibited an open-circuit photovoltage in excess of 400 mV and a short-circuit photocurrent density of ~30 μA/cm2. These values are similar to those reported for state-of-the-art copper–halide hybrid organic–inorganic materials containing organic monocations and motivate further research on this class of materials.
关键词： photovoltaic,two-dimensional material,dications,solar cell,copper halide,hybrid material,stability,perovskite
更新于2025-11-19 16:56:42
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New Strategy to Overcome the Instability That Could Speed up the Commercialization of Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： Current efficiency of perovskite solar cells has reached 23.7%, which is comparable with silicon solar cells. However commercial development is seriously hindered by the instability of the perovskite, especially under moisture conditions. Therefore it is crucial to gain clear understanding of the mechanism of degradation of organic–inorganic perovskite in order to achieve stable perovskite devices. In this paper, the formation and the degradation of perovskite film on different charge transport layers such as a compact TiO2 layer, compact ZnO layer, and ZnO foil, Si nanowires, and porous Si are studied. In addition, density functional theory studies are carried out to better understand the interaction between the perovskite film and substrates. Experimental and theoretical results are combined to draw more reliable conclusion regarding the degradation mechanism. Most notably, the investigations show that the interaction between the iodine (I) atom in the perovskite layer and substrate determine the stability of perovskite cells. As a result, Si has minimum interaction with I atoms and shows maximum stability, while perovskite film degrades on TiO2 film almost immediately.
关键词： degradation,stability,perovskite solar cells,mechanism
更新于2025-11-19 16:56:42