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Efficacy of low‐level laser therapy associated with fluoride therapy for the desensitisation of Molar‐incisor hypomineralisation: randomised clinical trial
摘要： Background. Molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is a qualitative enamel defect. Aim. Investigate the low-level laser therapy (LLLT) associated with fluoride varnish for the desensitisation of teeth with MIH. Design. A randomised clinical trial was conducted with 66 children, randomly allocated to the treatments: laser (L); fluoride varnish (FV); and laser + fluoride varnish (L+FV). The participants in the L group underwent two sessions of LLLT (48-hour interval). The FV group received four applications of varnish at one-week intervals. The L+FV underwent two sessions of LLLT and four applications of varnish. Prior to each session and one month after the onset of treatment, tooth sensitivity and its magnitude were evaluated. Intra and inter-group comparisons were performed (α = 5%). Results. A significant reduction in the mean sensitivity score was found over time in all groups. After the final treatment, as significant difference was found between the L and L+FV group (p = 0.011), with a lower score in the L+FV group (0.09), whereas no difference was found between the FV and L+FV groups (p = 0.095). Conclusions. Fluoride varnish and the combination of treatments (L+FV) had greater desensitising action on teeth with MIH. Laser therapy demonstrated an immediate desensitising effect, whereas fluoride varnish had a late-onset effect.
关键词： Child,Tooth demineralisation,Fluoride, topical,Low-level laser light therapy,Dentine sensitivity
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Penetration Profiles of Visible and Near-Infrared Lasers and Light-Emitting Diode Light Through the Head Tissues in Animal and Human Species: A Review of Literature
摘要： Background and objective: Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy is a promising and noninvasive approach to stimulate neuronal function and improve brain repair. The optimization of PBM parameters is important to maximize effectiveness and tolerability. Several studies have reported on the penetration of visible-to-near-infrared (NIR) light through various animal and human tissues. Scientific findings on the penetration of PBM light vary, likely due to use of different irradiation parameters and to different characteristics of the subject such as species, age, and gender. Materials and methods: In this article, we review published data on PBM penetration through the tissues of the head in both animal and human species. The patterns of visible-to-NIR light penetration are summarized based on the following study specifications: wavelength, coherence, operation mode, beam type and size, irradiation site, species, age, and gender. Results: The average penetration of transcranial red/NIR (630–810 nm) light ranged 60–70% in C57BL/6 mouse (skull), 1–10% in BALB/c mouse (skull), 10–40% in Sprague–Dawley rats (scalp plus skull), 20% in Oryctolagus cuniculus rabbit (skull), 0.11% in pig (scalp plus skull), and 0.2–10% in humans (scalp plus skull). The observed variation in the reported values is due to the difference in factors (e.g., wavelengths, light coherence, tissue thickness, and anatomic irradiation site) used by researchers. It seems that these data challenge the applicability of the animal model data on transcranial PBM to humans. Nevertheless, two animal models seem particularly promising, as they approximate penetration in humans: (I) Penetration of 808 nm laser through the scalp plus skull was 0.11% in the pig head; (II) Penetration of 810 nm laser through intact skull was 1.75% in BALB/c mouse. Conclusions: In conclusion, it is worthwhile mentioning that since the effectiveness of brain PBM is closely dependent on the amount of light energy reaching the target neurons, further quantitative estimation of light penetration depth should be performed to validate the current findings.
关键词： optical properties,penetration depth,skull,low-level laser (light) therapy,brain tissues,transcranial photobiomodulation
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22