- 标题
- 摘要
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- 实验方案
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Using quantum entangled photons to measure the absolute photon detection efficiency of a multi-pixel SiPM array
摘要： Spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) of a visible pump photon is the generation of two less energetic, quantum entangled photons (QEPs), often in the near infrared (NIR), using a non-linear crystal e.g. beta barium borate. Since the detection of one QEP predicates the existence of its entangled twin, QEPs have previously been used to measure the absolute photon detection efficiency (PDE), ??(??), of a detector under test by measuring time-coincident events with an additional trigger detector, allowing evaluation of ?????? ?? (??) without recourse to a calibrated reference detector. In this paper, the QEP absolute PDE measurement technique is outlined, and an extension of this technique is proposed to measure ??(??) for pixels on a multi-pixel array where each pixel provides an individual signal output. By treating all pixels in a multi-pixel array as indistinguishable, Monte Carlo simulations show that the symmetry of the measurement allows ??(??) to be determined for each pixel. A route towards experimental measurements using this technique with a 64-pixel SiPM array combined with a 64-channel waveform digitiser module is outlined.
关键词： Silicon photomultiplier,SiPM,Photon detection efficiency,Quantum entanglement
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Wearable SiPM-based NIRS Interface Integrated with Pulsed Laser Source
摘要： We present the design of a miniaturized probe integrating silicon photomultiplier and light-pulsing electronics in a single 2x2mm2 CMOS chip which includes functional blocks such as a fast pulse-laser driver and synchronized single-photon detection circuit. The photon pulses can be either counted on-chip or processed by an external high-speed electronic module such as time-corelated single photon counting (TCSPC) unit. The integrated circuit was assembled on a printed circuit board (PCB) and also on a 2.5D silicon interposer platform of size 1 cm and interfaced with a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM), vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) and other ancillary components such as capacitors and resistors. Our approach of integrating an optical interface to optimize light collection on the small active area and light emission from the vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VSCEL) will facilitate clinical adoption in many applications and change the landscape of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) hardware commercially due to significant optode-size reduction and the elimination of optical fibers.
关键词： Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS),Time-Domain (TD),complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS),Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL),Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM),Optical Probe
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Application of silicon photomultiplier’s model to the design of the front-end electronics
摘要： A designer of the front-end electronics for the silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) should take into account unique characteristics of this photodetector. The performance of the front-end should boost the qualities of the SiPM, including its timing performance and internal gain. That is why there is a need to create an electrical model of the SiPM, that in particular would emphasize on the equivalence capacitance of the detector and the shape of the output pulse produced in response to an incident photon [1]. This paper presents a simple model of the SiPM that was created based on the parameters of chosen photodetectors. Afterwards the model was applied to the design process of an integrated circuit (IC). After the fabrication process, the measurements of the IC with the SiPM attached, were compared with their simulation equivalents. The comparison was conducted in terms of the peaking time and the amplitude of the output pulses. The results presented a high level of matching between the simulation model and real behavior of the photodetector. These results can help in designing more advanced, multi-channel front-ends for the SiPMs.
关键词： Silicon photomultiplier,Super-common gate amplifier,SiPM model
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Feasibility of High-Resolution PET Detector Readout by Two-Dimensional Tetra-Lateral Position-Sensitive Silicon Photomultiplier
摘要： In this paper, we present the feasibility of high-resolution PET detector readout by a two-dimensional (2D) tetra-lateral position-sensitive Silicon photomultiplier with an intrinsic cap resistive layer for charge division (CRL-SiPM). The scintillation imaging sensor for 511keV gamma ray detection is realized by coupling a 5×5 array of 0.45×0.45×6 mm3 LYSO crystals to the CRL-SiPM with an active area of 2.77×2.77 mm2 and micro APD cell pitch of ~10 μm. The scintillator arrays are clearly distinguished and good scintillator array imaging with little position distortion has been achieved. An energy resolution of ~13.5% and coincidence time resolution of 555 ps are demonstrated, respectively. Therefore, the potential PET imaging sensor with greatly reduced readout channels has been verified.
关键词： position sensitive,Silicon photomultiplier,LYSO,Avalanche photodiodes,PET detector
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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An Advanced 100-Channel Readout System for Nuclear Imaging
摘要： Reading out from large-scale silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) arrays is a fundamental technical obstacle blocking the application of revolutionary SiPM technologies in nuclear imaging systems. Typically, it requires using dedicated application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) that need a long iterative process, special expertise, and tools to develop. The pico-positron emission tomography (Pico-PET) electronics system is an advanced 100-channel readout system based on 1-bit sigma–delta modulation and a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). It is compact (6 × 6 × 0.8 cm3 in size), consumes little power (less than 3W), and is constructed with off-the-shelf low-cost components. In experimental studies, the Pico-PET system demonstrates excellent and consistent performance. In addition, it has some unique features that are essential for nuclear imaging systems, such as its ability to measure V–I curves, breakdown voltages, and the dark currents of 100 SiPMs accurately, simultaneously, and in real time. The flexibility afforded by FPGAs allows multiple-channel clustering and intelligent triggering for different detector designs. These highly sought-after features are not offered by any other ASICs and electronics systems developed for nuclear imaging. We conclude that the Pico-PET electronics system provides a practical solution to the long-standing bottleneck problem that has limited the development of potentially advanced nuclear imaging technology using SiPMs.
关键词： silicon photomultiplier (SiPM),readout electronics,Field-programmable gate array (FPGA),nuclear imaging,sigma–delta modulation
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Progress on next generation gamma-ray Cherenkov detectors for the National Ignition Facility
摘要： Fusion reaction history and ablator areal density measurements for Inertial Con?nement Fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility are currently conducted using the Gamma Reaction History diagnostic (GRH 6m). Future Gas Cherenkov Detectors (GCDs) will ultimately provide ～100x more sensitivity, reduce the effective temporal response from ～100 to ～10 ps, and lower the energy threshold from 2.9 to 1.8 MeV, relative to GRH 6m. The ?rst phase toward next generation GCDs consisted of inserting the existing coaxial GCD-3 detector into a reentrant well which puts it within 4 m of the implosion. Reaction history and ablator gamma measurement results from this Phase I are discussed here. These results demonstrate viability for the follow-on Phases of (II) the use of a revolutionary new pulse-dilation photomultiplier tube to improve the effective measurement bandwidth by >10x relative to current PMT technology; and (III) the design of a NIF-speci?c “Super” GCD which will be informed by the assessment of the radiation background environment within the well described here.
关键词： pulse-dilation photomultiplier tube,Gas Cherenkov Detectors,Gamma-ray Cherenkov detectors,Inertial Con?nement Fusion,National Ignition Facility
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Operation of microchannel plate PMTs with TOFPET multichannel timing electronics
摘要： We describe an experimental programme to evaluate TOFPET multichannel timing electronics using microchannel plate PMTs in single photon counting mode. Time resolution measurements were made using: (i) the on-board electronic stim signal; (ii) a Photek PMT210 high speed single anode MCP photomultiplier detector, and; (iii) imaging with a PMT240MA multi-anode MCP detector using a pixelated multi-layer ceramic readout. Experimental measurements using an electronic stim with the ASIC electronics gave a time resolution of 43 ps rms. Detector timing of the PMT210 detector was evaluated using a 40 ps wide pulsed laser with amplitude walk correction using the time over threshold capability of the TOFPET electronics. Single photon timing resolution of better than 100 ps rms was demonstrated. Furthermore, 256 discrete pixel imaging has been demonstrated by coupling a multi-anode pixelated MCP detector to the TOFPET system.
关键词： MCP,Photomultiplier tube,TOFPET,ASIC,PMT,Microchannel plate,Time of flight,Front-end electronics,FEE
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Development of an ultra-fast photomultiplier tube for gamma-ray Cherenkov detectors at the National Ignition Facility (PD-PMT)
摘要： A new ultra-fast photomultiplier tube and associated drivers have been developed for use in the next generation of gamma-ray high pressure gas Cherenkov detectors for inertial con?nement fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility. Pulse-dilation technology has been applied to a standard micro-channel-plate-based photomultiplier tube to improve the temporal response by about 10×. The tube has been packaged suitably for deployment on the National Ignition Facility, and remote electronics have been designed to deliver the required non-linear waveforms to the pulse dilation electrode. This is achieved with an avalanche pulse generator system capable of generating fast arbitrary waveforms over the useful parameter space. The pulse is delivered via fast impedance-matching transformers and isolators, allowing the cathode to be ramped on a sub-nanosecond time scale between two high voltages in a controlled non-linear manner. This results in near linear pulse dilation over several ns. The device has a built-in ?ducial system that allows easy calibration and testing with ?ber optic laser sources. Results are presented demonstrating the greatly improved response time and other parameters of the device.
关键词： inertial con?nement fusion,gamma-ray Cherenkov detectors,National Ignition Facility,ultra-fast photomultiplier tube,pulse-dilation technology
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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VSiPMT a new photon detector
摘要： Photon detection is a key factor to study many physical processes in several areas of fundamental physics research. Focusing the attention on photodetectors for particle astrophysics, the future experiments aimed at the study of very high-energy or extremely rare phenomena (e.g. dark matter, proton decay, neutrinos from astrophysical sources) will require additional improvements in linearity, gain, quantum ef?ciency and single photon counting capability. To meet the requirements of these class of experiments, we propose a new design for a modern hybrid photodetector: the VSiPMT (Vacuum Silicon PhotoMultiplier Tube). The idea is to replace the classical dynode chain of a PMT with a SiPM, which therefore acts as an electron detector and ampli?er. The aim is to match the large sensitive area of a photocathode with the performances of the SiPM technology.
关键词： SiPM,astroparticle physics,photon detector,VSiPMT,photomultiplier tube
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Silicon photomultipliers applied to the fluorescence detection of biomarkers
摘要： The silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) has advantages that allow it to detect low levels of light intensity in medical, chemical and biological applications; it can also build integrated, portable microfluidic systems. This paper presents a SIPM application designed for the detection of fluorescence of biomarkers. In order to minimise the volume of the tested sample, the measurements were conducted in a microfluidic system. A data acquisition system for the SiPM has been designed consisting of a dedicated application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) required to amplify and shape signals from the photodetector. The application has been designed with the aim of transforming it into a portable device. The detection method chosen in the research is based on flow cytometry and single molecule detection [1,2]. Although only a single photodetector was used, the presented applications can be adapted to multi-detector measurements. Initially, the application measured the fluorescence of fluorophores. Afterwards, it was used in the detection of Anti-NPR1 to confirm the effectiveness of the method. The application is not dedicated to a single antigen. It can be applied for the detection of a vast range of biomarkers.
关键词： Biomarkers,Fluorescence detection,Silicon photomultiplier
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46