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Review of the main colour vision clinical assessment tests
摘要： Introduction: Congenital colour vision deficiencies affect 8% of the male and 0.5% of the female population. The study of colour vision is a complex process due to several factors: the psychophysics of vision itself, the difficulty to establish mathematical models for its analysis, the vague correlation of results between different tests, and the influence of external factors such as lighting, the tests condition, or the experience of the examiner and the patient. In the present document, a simplified review was carried out on the main colour vision tests available in clinical practice. Material and methods: Once a filtered preliminary review was made of the bibliography related to the study of colour vision using the PubMed search tool, the most used tests in clinical practice were selected according to their frequency of use and the purpose for which they were applied. A bibliographic study was then carried out on each particular test according to the design of the shown stimuli, its target population, and its sensitivity and specificity. Results: From the 95 publications found using the PubMed search tool, in 41 of them, colour tests were used by researchers in their methodology. From the 64 colour tests used, 19 of them were different (with 4 of them being different tests adapted by research groups, and 2 of them carried out online). The most used tests were the following: Ishihara test (10.88%), Farnsworth–Munsell (7.04%), Farnsworth–Munsell 100 Hue (6.4%), Cambridge Colour Test (3.84%), Hardy–Rand–Rittler (3.2%), tests developed by the groups (2.56%), the Anomaloscope (1.28%), the online tests (1.28%) and, finally, Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (0.64%), Pflüger Trident Colour Plates (0.64%), Toothguide Training Box (0.64%), Lanthony Desaturated D-15 (0.64%), City University Test (0.64%), Universal Colour Discrimination Test (0.64%), and Rabin Cone Contrast Test (0.64%). Conclusions: The Anomaloscope is the 'gold standard' in terms of colour vision testing, despite its incompatibility with daily clinical practice. It is fairly complex to use, difficult to understand for children, and its practice requires having the time available. Nevertheless, it is possible to reach an accurate approximation through the combination of some of the tests listed in this article. The above mentioned tests are a good alternative to determine the presence of dyschromatopsia in settings closer to daily clinical practice or in less controlled settings than a clinical study. The major drawback among the wide range of tests available for the study of colour vision is the difficulty to compare results between tests, since units of the reported data are usually different, and experience is required for its correct interpretation. Currently, there is no consensus on which colour test is the most complete. It is, therefore, advisable to use at least 2 tests in order to ensure diagnoses, and have more extensive information about the visual perception of patients.
关键词： Bibliographic review,Colour vision,Clinical tests,Dyschromatopsia
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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[ACM Press the 2018 International Conference - Tianjin, China (2018.09.19-2018.09.21)] Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Electronics and Electrical Engineering Technology - EEET '18 - An Exploratory Analysis of Speckle Noise Removal Methods for Satellite Images
摘要： image processing procedure, Satellite images captured in a variety of modalities serve as the primary source for many applications. Satellite image processing extracts the image /spectral information represented in the form of pixels, classifies those pixels based on the similarity measures and further analyzes the inherent data, as per the requirements. The foremost objective of satellite processing is to automatically categorize the pixels in an image into the respective land cover class labels or themes. These pixels are classified by its spectral information and it is determined by the relative reflectance in various bands of wavelength. The accuracy and outcomes of any satellite the application domain, directly depends on its quality. Satellite images are invariably degraded by speckle noise. Hence, preprocessing the images for speckle noise suppression and/or cloud removal is deemed an inevitable component in satellite image processing. Researchers have proposed a spectrum of methods for speckle noise/cloud removal. A detailed review on the significant research publications on speckle noise removal are summarized in this article. The consolidation of methodology merits and demerits of the select research articles are presented in this paper. This review article on speckle noise removal is designed as a ready-reference for those researchers working in satellite image processing. irrespective of
关键词： RADAR,SAR,Review,Speckle Noise,Satellite images,Noise filters,Literature Survey
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Revisión de los principales test clínicos para evaluar la visión del color
摘要： Introduction: Congenital colour vision deficiencies affect 8% of the male and 0.5% of the female population. The study of colour vision is a complex process due to several factors: the psychophysics of vision itself, the difficulty to establish mathematical models for its analysis, the vague correlation of results between different tests, and the influence of external factors such as lighting, the tests condition, or the experience of the examiner and the patient. In the present document, a simplified review was carried out on the main colour vision tests available in clinical practice. Material and methods: Once a filtered preliminary review was made of the bibliography related to the study of colour vision using the PubMed search tool, the most used tests in clinical practice were selected according to their frequency of use and the purpose for which they were applied. A bibliographic study was then carried out on each particular test according to the design of the shown stimuli, its target population, and its sensitivity and specificity. Results: From the 95 publications found using the PubMed search tool, in 41 of them, colour tests were used by researchers in their methodology. From the 64 colour tests used, 19 of them were different (with 4 of them being different tests adapted by research groups, and 2 of them carried out online). The most used tests were the following: Ishihara test (10.88%), Farnsworth-Munsell (7.04%), Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue (6.4%), Cambridge Colour Test (3.84%), Hardy-Rand-Rittler (3.2%), tests developed by the groups (2.56%), the Anomaloscope (1.28%), the online tests (1.28%) and, finally, Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (0.64%), Pflüger Trident Colour Plates (0.64%), Toothguide Training Box (0.64%), Lanthony Desaturated D-15 (0.64%), City University Test (0.64%), Universal Colour Discrimination Test (0.64%), and Rabin Cone Contrast Test (0.64%). Conclusions: The Anomaloscope is the 'gold standard' in terms of colour vision testing, despite its incompatibility with daily clinical practice. It is fairly complex to use, difficult to understand for children, and its practice requires having the time available. Nevertheless, it is possible to reach an accurate approximation through the combination of some of the tests listed in this article. The above mentioned tests are a good alternative to determine the presence of dyschromatopsia in settings closer to daily clinical practice or in less controlled settings than a clinical study. The major drawback among the wide range of tests available for the study of colour vision is the difficulty to compare results between tests, since units of the reported data are usually different, and experience is required for its correct interpretation. Currently, there is no consensus on which colour test is the most complete. It is, therefore, advisable to use at least 2 tests in order to ensure diagnoses, and have more extensive information about the visual perception of patients.
关键词： Bibliographic review,Colour vision,Clinical tests,Dyschromatopsia
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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A review of image-based automatic facial landmark identification techniques
摘要： The accurate identification of landmarks within facial images is an important step in the completion of a number of higher-order computer vision tasks such as facial recognition and facial expression analysis. While being an intuitive and simple task for human vision, it has taken decades of research, an increase in the availability of quality data sets, and a dramatic improvement in computational processing power to achieve near-human accuracy in landmark localisation. The intent of this paper is to provide a review of the current facial landmarking literature, outlining the significant progress that has been made in the field from classical generative methods to more modern techniques such as sophisticated deep neural network architectures. This review considers a generalised facial landmarking problem and provides experimental examples for each stage in the process, reporting repeatable benchmarks across a number of publicly available datasets and linking the results of these examples to the recently reported performance in the literature.
关键词： Vision,Landmarking,Face,Registration,Survey,Image,Review,Artificial neural networks,Deep learning,Machine learning
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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[IEEE 2018 Seventh Balkan Conference on Lighting (BalkanLight) - Varna, Bulgaria (2018.9.20-2018.9.22)] 2018 Seventh Balkan Conference on Lighting (BalkanLight) - Design and Implementation of a Low-Cost Phasor Measurement Unit: A Comprehensive Review
摘要： The complexity of the contemporary electrical power systems imposes challenges in the aspect of monitoring, protection and control. In order to obtain a high speed of response, wide area effect and prices synchronisation, the grid control functions can be benefited by the implementation of Phasor Measurement Units (PMU). The paper is aimed to make a review of the commercial implementation of Phasor Measurement Units source based implementations (open architecture hardware and software). implementations; as a This paper focuses on standard consequence, the concept of virtual PMU is not discussed here. open then and
关键词： low cost,comparison,review,options,standards,Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Ensuring Radiation Resistance of Fiber Optic Gyroscopes and Ways to Improve It
摘要： The problem of ensuring the radiation resistance of fiber-optic gyroscopes and their main components (optical fibers, elements of integrated optics, optical sources, electronic components and optical materials) is analyzed on the basis of Russian and foreign publications. Possible ways of radiation resistance improvement are considered.
关键词： fiber-optic gyro,radiation resistance,review
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Antimicrobial efficacy of photodynamic therapy on dental implant surfaces: A systematic review of in vitro studies
摘要： Background: To systematically review the literature regarding the antimicrobial effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the multi-bacterial species and the possible surface alterations of the dental implants as a result of PDT. Methods: The addressed focused question was: “Does PDT show antimicrobial efficacy against multi-bacterial species colonization and result in surface alteration on dental implants?” Electronic databases including MEDLINE and EMBASE up to and including December 2018 were searched. Results: Seven studies were included. Two studies used a total of 110 titanium dental implants, while 1 study included a total of 72 zirconia dental implants. Three studies investigated the antimicrobial PDT effects on titanium discs, while 1 study used titanium plates with germanium prisms. All in-vitro studies used diode laser. Energy fluence was reported only in 2 studies. Power output and density were 100 milliwatts (mW) and 150 mW cm-2, respectively. All in-vitro studies reported the multibacterial species outcomes after the application of antimicrobial PDT. All studies showed a significant reduction in the bacterial load. Only two studies reported the outcomes of microstructural changes on the titanium surface, in which both studies did not report any significant alterations on the titanium implants or discs with the application of PDT. Conclusion: This systematic review demonstrated significant reduction in the bacterial load but inconclusive findings regarding structural alterations on the titanium surface with the use of PDT. The results of this review should be considered preliminary and further in-vitro studies with standardized laser parameters are needed to obtain strong conclusions.
关键词： systematic review,titanium surface,dental implants,photodynamic therapy,bacterial load
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Design and development of distributed solar PV systems: Do the current tools work?
摘要： Distributed solar PV design and management in buildings is a complex process which involves multidisciplinary stakeholders with different aims and objectives, ranging from acquiring architectural visual effects to higher solar insolation in given location, efficient energy generation and economic operation and maintenance of the PV system. Therefore, proper PV design tools are necessary for achieving unique aims, objectives and performance goals of a PV project. This paper presents 23 solar PV design and management software and 4 smart phone/tablet applications, analyzing their features against 15 key aspects of solar PV design and management. The results show that the selected PV design and management tools cannot satisfy all aspects of PV design and management. 14 solar PV design and management application problems were identified. An integrated platform which will provide cost-effective solutions for PV project development is proposed at the end of the paper. The proposed platform should open a new outlook on potentially wider multidisciplinary usage of solar PV design and management tools world wide.
关键词： PV design and development,tools,Review,Distributed solar PV system
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Photobiomodulation with low-level laser therapy for treating Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
摘要： Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the benefits and harms of low-level laser therapy for Achilles tendinopathy. Data sources: Search strategies were conducted (from inception to February 2020) in Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Literatura Latino Americana em Ciências da Saúde e do Caribe (LILACS), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), SPORTDiscus, ClinicalTrials.gov, World Health Organization (WHO)-ICTRP and OpenGrey databases, to retrieve all randomized controlled trials that compared laser therapy with inactive/active interventions. Review methods: This study was reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of bias table. Meta-analyses were performed on dependence of homogeneity, otherwise results were reported narratively. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Results: Four trials (119 participants) were analyzed. Laser therapy associated to eccentric exercises when compared to eccentric exercises and sham had very low to low certainty of evidence in pain and function assessment. Despite one trial favored laser therapy at two months (mean difference (MD) ?2.55, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) ?3.87 to ?1.23), the CIs did not include important differences between groups at 3 and 13 months. The function assessment showed an improvement favoring the placebo group at one month (MD 9.19, 95% CI ?16.16 to ?2.23) and non-significant difference between groups at 3 and 13 months. Adverse events were poorly reported but restricted to minor events related to the exercises. Conclusion: The certainty of evidence was low to very low, and the results are insufficient to support the routine use laser therapy for Achilles tendinopathy.
关键词： low-level laser therapy,review,evidence-based medicine,Achilles tendinopathy
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Retrospective study of the treatment of port-wine stains with 595-nm pulsed dye laser in 261 Chinese patients
摘要： Pulsed dye laser (PDL) at the wavelength of 595 nm is the common choice for the treatment of port-wine stains (PWSs). In this study, the efficacy of 595-nm PDL in treatment of PWSs in Chinese patients was investigated. A follow-up visit was performed on 261 Fitzpatrick skin type II–III Chinese patients with PWS who received more than two treatments with 595-nm PDL. Based on cosmetic improvement, treatment response was graded as follows: complete, if color blanching was > 90%; significant, if color blanching was 60–90%; moderate, if color blanching was 30–60%; and poor, if color blanching was < 30%. The efficacy of laser treatment on patients of different treatment numbers, ages, lesion locations, lesion colors, extents of hypertrophy, and laser pulse durations was evaluated. All patients improved following an average of almost 4 to 5 laser treatments. The earlier the intervention, the better the efficacy was. Lesions on cheek, neck, and forehead were better than that those on oral, eye periorbital, and nose areas. The purple group had a more excellent clearance, i.e., complete and significant clearance rate (53.6%), than the red group (36.1%). Treatment effect became worse as the extent of lesion hypertrophy increased. PWS lesions treated with short pulse durations of 0.45, 1.5, and 3 ms had better clearance (complete and significant clearance) rate of 56.5% than those treated with pulse durations of 6 ms or longer (34.8%). Pulsed dye laser with 595-nm laser equipped with dynamic cooling device is an effective option for the treatment of PWS in Chinese patients. Younger patients with lateral face position, larger vessel size (deeper color), and lesser hypertrophy received better clinical effect than the others. Treatment with short pulse duration of less than 3 ms for 4 to 5 times was recommended to treat PWS.
关键词： Chinese patients,Clinic review,Laser surgery,Port-wine stain
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01