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Cost, Contractors and Scale: An Empirical Analysis of the California Solar Market
摘要： I present an empirical analysis of the rapidly growing California rooftop solar photovoltaic market using detailed data of over 100,000 solar installations between 2007 and 2014. The rapid fall in the cost of solar panels stand central in the expansion of this market. I use a semi-parametric regression model to aid identification of cost factors by decomposing time-varying and cross-sectional components. I find that the use of Chinese manufactured panels are associated with costs that are 6% lower. Economies of scale at the local level (number of yearly installations in a zip code) and at the installation level (size of the installation) are also associated with lower costs. Higher subsidies, and higher contractor market-share are associated with higher costs. I use an exploratory analysis of the dominant contractor, SolarCity, to discuss non-cost factors in the expansion of the solar photovoltaic market.
关键词： solar photovoltaic market,Chinese manufactured panels,contractor market-share,economies of scale,SolarCity,subsidies,cost factors
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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[IEEE 2018 International Conference on Current Trends towards Converging Technologies (ICCTCT) - Coimbatore, India (2018.3.1-2018.3.3)] 2018 International Conference on Current Trends towards Converging Technologies (ICCTCT) - Smart Solar Street Light
摘要： Street Lighting is one of the most important and biggest energy consuming departments of the nation. On top of that, the most difficult thing is maintaining them. Consider a situation wherein the streetlight of a locality has stopped working. Now, the people of that area have to call and complain about the same and wait for days to get it repaired, leaving that area dark and socially unsafe. The proposed system consists of a Fault Detection Circuit using two photo sensors in addition with Arduino Uno microcontroller and GSM module [1], which automatically detects the fault in the streetlight. This eliminates manual complaining of the faulty streetlight and initiates sudden repair of the streetlight by the technician, which is being informed by Fault Detection Circuit via text message. Automatic turn ON and turn OFF feature has also been included using two photo sensors which turns ON the streetlight during dark hours and automatically turns OFF the streetlight during light hours. In addition to that, solar panels have been used as source for the streetlight and LED lights have been used for the emission of light, reducing the cost of electricity by 80%.
关键词： Solar Streetlight,Constant Current Charger,Arduino UNO,GSM Module,Automatic Fault Detection
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Comparison of Bifacial Solar Irradiance Model Predictions With Field Validation
摘要： Models predicting rear irradiance for bifacial systems are critical to establish accurate estimates of energy yield. Here, we compare five published bifacial irradiance models, varying clearance, row spacing, tilt, and albedo to measure the sensitivity to these parameters. Bifacial energy gains (BGE) as high as 20% are predicted for some configurations. Model agreement is generally good for low ground clearance (clearance heights lower than 0.75 times the collector width), but at higher clearances, finite system size and edge effects become a significant factor in simulations, stretching assumptions of infinite system extent made in some models. In addition, rear irradiance uniformity is improved at high ground clearance, as expected. A test-bed construction and results are described for comparison between modeled and measured data in Golden, CO, USA. The investigations indicate that model agreement for BGE calculation is better than 2% (absolute) when compared with measured results, depending on the system configuration.
关键词： photovoltaic (PV) system modeling,Bifacial solar panels,irradiance modeling
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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[IEEE 2018 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica - Cape Town (2018.6.28-2018.6.29)] 2018 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica - Estimation of Global and Direct Solar Radiation in Tunisia Based on Geostationary Satellite Imagery
摘要： Available solar radiation is an important source of renewable energy that determines Tunisia’s productivity but has been poorly characterized. Measured solar radiation datasets are generally not available for long periods. This paper studied the method of estimates for solar radiation based on satellite imagery and on the measured data by the national institute of meteorology. Data collected from the year 2015 in three different locations in Tunisia. The objectives of this study are: a) Assess of monthly global solar radiation using data of meteorology for three stations. b) Compare measured data with two different geostationary satellites imagery in order to validate the good estimation of the satellite imagery. c) Reduce the uncertainly of the use of satellite imagery long-term solar resource by validate the estimated data with those measured by the pyranometer from the meteorological station.
关键词： Geostationary satellite images,Global and direct solar radiation,Meteorological station,validation
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Broadband spectral splitting of white light via 2D diffractive optical elements
摘要： An effective way of increasing the efficiency of solar cells is to spectrally split sunlight into several frequencies and absorb each frequency using appropriate photovoltaic materials. In this study, we establish a method to show spectral splitting of broadband solar light via iteratively optimized diffractive optical elements. We develop an algorithm in order to calculate 2D holographic patterns that focus two different frequencies to designated positions.
关键词： diffraction,Spectral splitting,solar cells
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Risk analysis using meteorological weather factors in solar energy conversion systems
摘要： We propose a methodology for conducting simulations of operational scenarios for energy projects based on photovoltaic generation systems. It considers several documented facts about time series of weather, such as strong seasonality and structural breaks, which the previous literature has not explored in depth. Our proposal uses public weather time series, which are usually recorded by meteorological observatories. This makes our approach a suitable strategy for any firm interested in applying it to its own data and projects. This approach also allows the user to set an appropriate level of confidence for the scenarios depending on her interests.
关键词： renewable energy sources,photovoltaic systems,risk measurement,structural breakpoints,horizontal solar radiation
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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ALD of Space-Efficient SnO2 Underlayers for BiVO4 Host-Guest Architectures for Photoassisted Water Splitting
摘要： Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) is promising for solar-assisted water splitting. The performance of BiVO4 is limited by charge separation for >70 nm films or by light harvesting for <700 nm films. To resolve this mismatch, host-guest architectures use thin film coatings on 3D scaffolds. Recombination, however, is exacerbated at the extended host-guest interface. Underlayers are used to limit this recombination with a host-underlayer-guest series. Such underlayers consume precious pore volume where typical SnO2 underlayers are optimized with 65-80 nm. Here we examine conformal and ultrathin SnO2 underlayers with low defect density produced by atomic layer deposition (ALD). This shifts the optimized thickness to just 8 nm with significantly improved space-efficiency. The materials chemistry thus determines the dimension optimization. Lastly, we demonstrate host-guest architectures with an applied bias photon-to-charge efficiency of 0.71%, a new record for a photoanode absorber prepared by ALD.
关键词： host-guest architectures,solar-assisted water splitting,atomic layer deposition,SnO2 underlayers,Bismuth vanadate
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Photo-Electrochemical Investigation of Inorganic/Organic Interfaces Assembly Consisting of Zn-Doped WO3 /Poly 4-(Thiophen-3-yl) Aniline
摘要： inorganic/Organic/Interfaces (IOI) consisting of Zn-doped WO3 (Zn-WO3) Photoactivities at /Poly 4-(Thiophen-3-yl) aniline (P3ThA) assemblies were investigated in nanoparticle suspensions and in thin solid film forms. The effects of P3ThA modifier on the photoelectrochemical behavior of the IOI were investigated using [Fe(CN)6]4- as a photoactive donor of hydrated electrons. Results show that the adsorption process of [Fe(CN)6]3- (photolysis product) controls the photoactivity outcomes of the IOI assemblies. P3ThA shows a greater heterogeneous photochemical response than native Zn-WO3. The band alignment between Zn-WO3 and P3ThA is of a p-p junction straddling gap type, where the charge transfer process is achieved through a hole transfer mechanism. The interface activities were explained by analyzing the IOI junction characteristics such as electron affinity, work function and hole/electron barrier heights. The creation of hybrid sub-band states close to the Fermi energy level at the interface was suggested. The aqueous nano-systems retained moderate stability as indicated by the reproducibility of their photocatalytic activities. Both [Fe(CN)6]4- and P3ThA contributed to the stability of the native Zn-WO3 surfaces.
关键词： photoelectrochemistry,solar energy,heterojunctions,semiconductors
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Improving the calibration of silicon photodiode pyranometers
摘要： Reliable measurements of global irradiance are essential for research and practical applications. Silicon photodiode pyranometers (SiPs) offer low-cost sensors to measure direct and diffuse irradiance despite their non-uniform spectral response over the 300–1000 nm spectral range. In this study, non-adjusted linear and adjusted calibrations were applied at different times of the year to determine sources of estimated errors in global irradiance due to the two calibration approaches, calibration time, and sensor age. 16 SiPs, along with two standards, measured incident global irradiance over a 5-year period under a range of sky conditions. Sensors performed best in the months in which they were calibrated when using the linear calibration approach. With the solar zenith angle adjusted calibration approach, certain calibration months provide a defendable validation for the following 12 months [ranging an average of 13.5–17.4 W m?2 standard error (SE)], while other calibration months do not provide consistent results and sometimes result in very poor validation (31.1–242.7 W m?2 SE). Older sensors (greater than 6 years) in general become more sensitive to solar zenith angle and their response drifts over time, while newer SiPs performed better than older sensors. Calibrations which accounted for solar zenith angle effects improved global irradiance estimates for older SiPs. For the Lincoln NE location, the appropriate calibration is in spring or late summer, regardless of calibration approach. These results indicate that solar zenith angle correction is not needed for largely diffuse components under cloudy conditions, so that in the future, a “smart” calibration may be possible, where diffuse radiation fractions are known.
关键词： Silicon photodiode pyranometers,Sensor age,Calibration,Solar zenith angle,Global irradiance
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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High-temperature tungsten trioxides obtained by concentrated solar energy: physicochemical and electrochemical characterization
摘要： High-crystalline tungsten trioxides (WO3) have been synthesized by an environmentally friendly method using concentrated solar energy. The obtained tungsten trioxides (WO3) at three different temperatures and two oxygen mole fractions used for the highest synthesis temperature were characterized by XRD, SEM, and XPS. Higher crystallinity and concentration of W5+ was observed in tungsten trioxides as the synthesis temperature increased. Nevertheless, despite of the different synthetic conditions used, a mixture of two different crystalline structures was observed in all solar-prepared tungsten trioxides: monoclinic and triclinic. Comparing oxides obtained at 1000 °C, higher concentration of W5+ and more defects were found when using lower oxygen molar fraction (WO3-1000-2). Their electrochemical performance was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) in a conventional three-electrode cell in the following three aqueous electrolytes: acidic, alkaline, and neutral media. In the acidic medium, all the tungsten trioxides showed a capacitive behavior, which was enhanced for oxides obtained at 1000 °C due to a mixed valence of W. On the other hand, in the alkaline medium, a catalytic behavior was detected with higher activity towards hydrogen evolution reaction for the oxide with more defects, higher crystallinity, and monoclinic phase, obtained at 1000 °C and a lower oxygen molar fraction in the synthesis. Finally, in the neutral medium, the oxides synthesized at 1000 °C presented a capacitive behavior whereas the oxides prepared at the lowest temperatures (600 and 800 °C) presented electrochemical processes related to a catalytic behavior for water reduction, which must correspond to their minor concentration of defects, as confirmed by XPS.
关键词： High-temperature synthesis,Concentrated solar energy,Green synthesis,WO3,Tungsten trioxides
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14