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Unique Distribution of Diacyl-, Alkylacyl-, and Alkenylacyl-Phosphatidylcholine Species Visualized in Pork Chop Tissues by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionizationa??Mass Spectrometry Imaging
摘要： Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the major phospholipid in meat and in?uences meat qualities, such as healthiness. PC is classi?ed into three groups based on the bond at the sn-1 position: Diacyl, alkylacyl, and alkenylacyl. To investigate their composition and distribution in pork tissues, including longissimus thoracis et lumborum (loin) spinalis muscles, intermuscular fat, and transparent tissues, we performed matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI–MSI). Eleven diacyl-, seven alkylacyl-, and six alkenylacyl-PCs were identi?ed using liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem MS (MS/MS) analysis. Despite many alkylacyl- and alkenylacyl-PC species sharing identical m/z values, we were able to visualize these PC species using MALDI–MSI. Diacyl- and alkylacyl- and/or alkenylacyl-PC species showed unique distribution patterns in the tissues, suggesting that their distribution patterns were dependent on their fatty acid compositions. PCs are a major dietary source of choline in meat, and the amount was signi?cantly higher in the muscle tissues. Consumption of choline mitigates age-related memory decline and neurodegenerative diseases; therefore, the consumption of pork muscle tissues could help to mitigate these diseases. These results support the use of MALDI–MSI analysis for assessing the association between PC species and the quality parameters of meat.
关键词： mass spectrometry imaging (MSI),lipid distribution,phosphatidylcholines,liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS),pork,matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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High-Efficiency Multiple Quantum Well Triple-Junction Tandem Solar Cell
摘要： This work shows the design of a high-efficiency solar cell in an indium-gallium-arsenide/–gallium-arsenide multiple quantum well (MQW) structure. The main concerns regarding the solar cell are its fabrication complexity, design complexity, and efficiency. Tandem solar cells are designed to absorb the maximum amount of solar energy. In a tandem structure, different positive-negative junctions are responsible for absorbing different portions of the solar spectrum. Besides this, the embedded MQW structure also helps to increase the efficiency of the solar cell. The maximum efficiency of the tandem solar cell in the different material structures is reported to be around 45%–46%. Proper matching of different material parameters such as the lattice-matched semiconductor and thickness of the tandem solar cell can increase the efficiency of the solar cell. This paper introduces a tandem solar cell having an efficiency of around 50%. This comparative study shows the improved performance of the proposed solar cell. A graphical user interface is also developed for solar cell simulation.
关键词： tandem solar cell,multi-quantum well,InGaAs-GaAs,quantum well,Solar cell
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Transparent Ta3N5 Photoanodes for Efficient Oxygen Evolution toward the Development of Tandem Cells
摘要： Photoelectrochemical water splitting is regarded as a promising approach to the production of hydrogen, and the development of efficient photoelectrodes is one aspect of realizing practical systems. In this work, transparent Ta3N5 photoanodes were fabricated on n-type GaN/sapphire substrates to promote O2 evolution in tandem with a photocathode, to realize overall water splitting. Following the incorporation of an underlying GaN layer, a photocurrent of 6.3 mA cm-2 was achieved at 1.23 V vs. a reversible hydrogen electrode. The transparency of Ta3N5 to wavelengths longer than 600 nm allowed incoming solar light to be transmitted to a CuInSe2 (CIS), which absorbs up to 1100 nm. A stand-alone tandem cell with a serially-connected dual-CIS unit terminated with a Pt/Ni electrode was thus constructed for H2 evolution. This tandem cell exhibited a solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency greater than 7% at the initial stage of the reaction.
关键词： (oxy)nitrides,photoelectrochemistry,water splitting,photoelectrochemical tandem cell,solar energy conversion
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Design of Tandem Organic Light Emitting Diode using efficient charge generation layer
摘要： In this work, highly e?cient Tandem Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) based on planar organic charge generation layer (CGL) of C70/Pentacene is proposed. It is found that the proposed CGL generate charges as well as exhibits organic photovoltaic type behavior. In addition a very thin layer of Al/LiF and PEDOT:PSS is used as electron and hole injection layer respectively to further increase the transport of electrons and holes from CGL to emissive unit. The current e?ciency and luminance of red tandem device is found to be 29 cd/A and 29010 cd/m2 at 20 mA/cm2 and 100 mA/cm2 respectively which is 1.855 times 1.856 times greater than that of single emitter device having current e?ciency and luminance of 15.63 cd/A and 15630 cd/cm2 at the same current densities Generally, the turn on voltage of Tandem devices is almost double as compared to single unit device. But with the proposed CGL the turn on voltage of red tandem device is found to be 5.9 V which is less than double the turn on voltage of single unit device (3 V). Therefore, the e?ective charge generation and transport property of proposed CGL as well as remarkable high injection property of thin Al layer and PEDOT:PSS leads to the enhancement in the e?ciency of tandem OLED.
关键词： Tandem OLED,Charge generation layer,Electron injection,E?ciency improvement
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Improved forest height estimation by fusion of simulated GEDI Lidar data and TanDEM-X InSAR data
摘要： Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and lidar are increasingly used active remote sensing techniques for forest structure observation. The TanDEM-X (TDX) InSAR mission of German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the upcoming Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) together may provide more accurate estimates of global forest structure and biomass via their synergic use. In this paper, we explored the efficacy of simulated GEDI data in improving height estimates from TDX InSAR data. Our study sites span three major forest types: a temperate forest, a mountainous conifer forest, and a tropical rainforest. The GEDI lidar coverage was simulated for the full nominal two-year mission duration, under both cloud-free and 50%-cloud conditions. We then used these GEDI data to parameterize the Random Volume over Ground (RVoG) model driven by TDX imagery. In particular, we explored the following three strategies for forest structure estimation: 1) TDX data alone; 2) TDX + GEDI-derived digital terrain model (DTM); and 3) TDX + GEDI DTM + GEDI canopy height. We then validated the retrieved forest heights against wall-to-wall airborne lidar measurements. We found relatively large biases at 90 [m] spatial resolution, from 4.2–11.9 [m], and root mean square errors (RMSEs), from 7.9–12.7 [m] when using TDX data alone under constrained RVoG assumptions of a fixed extinction coefficient (σ) and a zero ground-to-volume amplitude ratio (μ = 0). Results improved significantly with the aid of a DTM derived from GEDI data which enabled estimation of spatially-varying σ values (vs. fixed extinction) under a μ = 0 assumption, with biases reduced to 1.7–4.2 [m] and RMSEs to 4.9–8.6 [m] across cloudy and cloud-free cases. The best agreement was achieved in the third strategy by also incorporating information of GEDI-derived canopy height to further enhance the RVoG parameters. The improved model, when still assuming μ = 0, reduced biases to less than or close to 1 m and further reduced RMSEs to 4.0–6.7 [m]. Finally, we used GEDI data to estimate spatially-varying μ in the RVoG model. We found biases of between ?0.7–0.9 [m] and RMSEs in the range from 2.6–7.1 [m] over the three sites. Our results suggest that use of GEDI data improves height inversion from TDX, providing heights at more accuracy than can be achieved by TDX alone, and enabling wall-to-wall height estimation at much finer spatial resolution than can be achieved by GEDI alone.
关键词： Lidar,GEDI,ALS,Forest height,TanDEM-X,InSAR,RVoG
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Unraveling the impact of the Pd nanoparticle@BiVO <sub/>4</sub> /S-CN heterostructure on the photo-physical & opto-electronic properties for enhanced catalytic activity in water splitting and one-pot three-step tandem reaction
摘要： Pd nanoparticles embedded SBVCN-37 heterostructure photocatalyst is synthesized and employed in the water splitting reaction and for the synthesis of imines via one-pot tandem reaction involving photocatalytic reduction of nitrobenzene, oxidation of benzyl alcohol, followed by condensation reaction between them. Embedded Pd nanoparticles (mean diameter ~ 5-7 nm) act as an electron mediator and enhance the catalytic activity during oxidation and reduction reactions. Experimental results confirm that the light induced holes owing to its favourable redox potential oxidize N2H4 to N2 and liberate H+ ions that subsequently react with photogenerated electrons and facilitate the nitrobenzene reduction. The obtained quantum yield for benzyl alcohol oxidation and nitrobenzene reduction are calculated to be (2.08 %) and (6.53 %) at λ = 420 nm light illumination. The obtained apparent quantum yields for OER and HER are calculated to be 10.22 % and 12.72 % at 420 nm indicating the excellent potentiality of the presently investigated photocatalyst for solar fuel production. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) and time resolved & steady state photoluminescence measurements reveal that an optimum amount of Pd nanoparticles over SBVCN-37 is the crucial factor for achieving the highest photocurrent response, the lowest charge transfer resistance, and the efficient carrier’s mobility alteration leading to a prominent catalytic activity. Further, Mott-Schottky (M-S) analysis confirms that the deposition of Pd nanoparticles effectively reduces the over-potential and fine-tunes the band edge potential required for HER and OER reactions, independently.
关键词： Tandem Reaction,BiVO4,Benzyl Alcohol Oxidation,Apparent Quantum Yield,Nitrobenzene Reduction,g-C3N4,Photocatalytic H2 and O2 Production
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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Performance analysis of PV panels based on different technologies after two years of outdoor exposure in Fukushima, Japan
摘要： Nominal values reported for PV Systems are measured at carefully-controlled test conditions. While being strictly standardized to achieve a good benchmarking capability for different, newly manufactured panels; these conditions hardly exist in real-life implementation sites. To add to the problem, highly varying climate, precipitation, scorching sun and freezing snow wear out these systems in the long run. Therefore, actual performance of any PV system is, inevitably, different than those reported under standard test conditions. In order to have a more accurate expectation of power generation over the lifetime of a system, it is important to know the impact of local conditions and the resilience of PV panels to them. To this end, several outdoor performance studies have been reported around the world and the literature is growing. This work reports the impact of Fukushima's weather, which is known to be windy in autumn and have heavy snowfall in the winter, on the installed PV systems. Also, numerous panels belonging to different PV technologies and manufacturers are installed side-by-side to compare the variation in their performances and, thus, benchmark their quality and resilience. To investigate possible impact of micro-climate, or local geographical conditions, two test sites in Fukushima Prefecture are utilized. Finally, a sample PV system calculation is presented to showcase the impacts of these findings on a PV system in planning and operation stages.
关键词： Outdoor degradation,Thin film tandem,Solar energy in Japan,Photovoltaic modules,CIGS,Single crystal silicon
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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The photon absorber and interconnecting layers in multijunction organic solar cell
摘要： Organic photovoltaic devices have long been considered as an important alternative for coal-based energy technologies due to their low-cost, lightweight and flexible nature. However, the power conversion efficiencies of such cells are limited by thermalization and transmission losses, which can be overcome by stacking multiple cells in a tandem configuration. This approach allows utilization of the wider spectrum of solar light, helping in attaining the theoretical limits for single cell efficiency (~30%). However, the performance of such tandem organic solar cells depends largely on several factors, including the proper design of absorber, sub-cells and interconnecting layer materials. In this review, recent studies on the development of different fullerene, non-fullerene, small molecule acceptor based active layers have been reported. Also, some recent works in the field of the inorganic-organic hybrid tandem cells have been briefly discussed. The purpose of this review is manifold: to provide the readers with a comprehensive overview of past, current research, recent developments, and open problems of tandem organic solar cells.
关键词： Power conversion efficiency,Tandem solar cell,Absorber materials,Interconnecting layer,Organic photovoltaics
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Sputtered indium tin oxide as a recombination layer formed on the tunnel oxide/poly-Si passivating contact enabling the potential of efficient monolithic perovskite/Si tandem solar cells
摘要： We focus on utilizing sputtered indium tin oxide (ITO) as a recombination layer, having low junction damage to an n-type silicon solar cell with a front-side tunnel oxide passivating electron contact, thereby enabling the development of a high efficiency monolithic perovskite/Si tandem device. High transparency and low resistivity ITO films are deposited via low power DC magnetron sputtering at room temperature onto a front-side thin SiOx/n+ poly-Si contact in a complete Cz n-Si cell with a back-side Al2O3/SiNx passivating boron-diffused p+ emitter on a random pyramid textured surface. We report the cell characteristics before and after ITO sputtering, and we find a cure at 250 °C in air is highly effective at mitigating any sputtering induced damage. Our ITO coated sample resulted in an implied open-circuit voltage (iVoc) of 684.7 ± 11.3 mV with the total saturation current density of 49.2 ± 14.8 fA/cm2, an implied fill factor (iFF) of 81.9 ± 0.8%, and a contact resistivity in the range of 60 mΩ-cm2 to 90 mΩ-cm2. After formation of a local Ag contact to the rear emitter and sputtered ITO film as the front-side contact without grid fingers, the pseudo-efficiency of 20.2 ± 0.5% was obtained with the Voc of 670.4 ± 7 mV and pseudo FF of 77.3 ± 1.3% under simulated one sun with the calculated short-circuit current density of 30.9 mA/cm2 from the measured external quantum efficiency. Our modelling result shows that efficiency exceeding 25% under one sun is practically achievable in perovskite/Si tandem configuration using the ITO recombination layer connecting a perovskite top cell and a poly-Si bottom cell.
关键词： Tandem solar cell,Transparent conductive oxide,Polycrystalline silicon,Passivating contacts,Perovskite,TOPCon
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Influence of Perovskite Interface Morphology on the Photon Management in Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells
摘要： Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells are considered as one of the cost-effective solutions for determining high energy conversion efficiencies. Efficient photon management allows improving light incoupling in the solar cells by reducing optical losses. The optics relies upon the interface morphology, consequently, the growth mechanism of the top cell on the bottom cell is crucial for the implementation of efficient perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. To describe the interface morphologies of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells, a three-dimensional surface algorithm is used that allows investigating the perovskite solar cells deposited on the textured crystalline silicon solar cells. We distinguish between two extreme cases in which the film grows only in the direction of the substrate normal or in the direction of the local surface normal. The growth mode has a significant influence on the film roughness, the effective thickness of the film, the optics of the solar cell, and the photovoltaic parameters. The optics is investigated by finite-different time-domain simulations. The influence of the interface morphology on the photovoltaic parameters is discussed and guidelines are provided to reach high short-circuit current density and energy conversion efficiency.
关键词： photon management,light trapping,tandem solar cell,realistic interface morphology,Perovskite
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59