1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved the preparation of hierarchical ZnO microspheres (ZMS) and their incorporation into TiO2 photoanodes at varying mass ratios (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%). The hybrid films were then used to construct CdS/CdSe co-sensitized solar cells.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

The samples included TiO2/ZMS hybrid films with different ZMS ratios, characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD, EDS, UV-visible absorption spectra, and nitrogen sorption isotherms.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment used included SEM (JSM-7000), TEM (Tecnai G2 F20), XRD (Rigaku-Dmax 2500), and a fluorescence spectrometer (Edinburgh Instruments FLS920). Materials included TiO2 (Degussa P25), ZnO microspheres, CdS/CdSe quantum dots, and ZnS passivation layer.

4：0). Materials included TiO2 (Degussa P25), ZnO microspheres, CdS/CdSe quantum dots, and ZnS passivation layer. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: The TiO2/ZMS hybrid films were prepared by blending TiO2 with ZMS, ethyl cellulose, and terpineol to form a paste, which was then coated on FTO glass and calcined. The films were sensitized with CdS/CdSe QDs and a ZnS passivation layer before device assembly.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

The performance of the solar cells was evaluated through J-V curves, IPCE measurements, EIS, and PL decay curves.