1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study employed a double raster scanning strategy for 3D laser forming, analyzing the effect of overlap ratios on deformation. Theoretical models and finite element simulations were used to understand the thermo-mechanical behavior.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Flat, rectangular AISI 316 stainless steel samples with dimensions of 18 × 22 × 0.5 mm were used. Samples were cleaned and coated with graphite before experiments.

3：5 mm were used. Samples were cleaned and coated with graphite before experiments. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: An Ytterbium fiber laser (IPG YLR-200, IPG Photonics, Germany) with a maximum power of 200 W was used. Different beam diameters were achieved by changing the vertical position of the base in the laser system.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Samples were held on a cylindrical steel pillar during experiments. The laser forming process involved scanning lines at opposite sides of the sample sequentially to achieve symmetric bending. The overlap ratio between passes was varied to study its effect on deformation.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

The radius of curvature of 3D formed samples was measured using commercially available software, Camera MeasureTM. Finite element simulations were performed with ABAQUSTM to analyze temperature and strain distributions.