1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study utilized a passively Q-switched and mode-locked erbium-doped ?ber laser (EDFL) setup incorporating a Ho2O3 polymer ?lm saturable absorber (SA). The SA was fabricated by embedding Ho2O3 nanoparticles into a PVA polymer solution.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

The Ho2O3 nano-powder used had an average particle size of < 100 nm and a purity of 99%. The PVA solution was prepared by dissolving 1 g of PVA into 100 ml of distilled water.

3：9%. The PVA solution was prepared by dissolving 1 g of PVA into 100 ml of distilled water. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: The setup included a 980 nm laser diode, erbium-doped ?ber (EDF), wavelength division multiplexer (WDM), optical isolator (ISO), 3 dB coupler, and a Ho2O3 PVA ?lm SA. Measurement tools included a digital oscilloscope (OSC), radio frequency spectrum analyzer (RFSA), optical spectrum analyzer (OSA), autocorrelator (AC), and power meter.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

The Ho2O3 PVA ?lm was fabricated by mixing Ho2O3 nano-powder into PVA solution, stirring, and drying to form a ?lm. The ?lm was then incorporated into the EDFL cavity to modulate intracavity loss and generate pulsed lasers.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

The output laser characteristics were analyzed using OSC, RFSA, OSA, AC, and power meter to determine pulse repetition rate, pulse width, output power, and pulse energy.