研究目的
To compare the ultrasonic sensor, LiDAR and UAS in terms of their plant height estimation performance for wheat.
研究成果
LiDAR and UAS are both recommended as reliable alternative methods for wheat height evaluation. LiDAR provided the best results, with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.05 m and an R2 of 0.97. UAS obtained reasonable results with an RMSE of 0.09 m and an R2 of 0.91.
研究不足
Ultrasonic sensors did not perform well due to the static measurement style. UAS tended to underestimate wheat canopy heights, and the underestimation became more significant after the 2nd data collection campaign. LiDAR is costly, and LiDAR data can be voluminous and challenging to process.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
A ground-based multi-sensor phenotyping system equipped with ultrasonic sensors and LiDAR was developed. Canopy heights of 100 wheat plots were estimated five times during a season by the ground phenotyping system and an unmanned aircraft system (UAS), and the results were compared to manual measurements.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
The experiment was conducted during the 2018 growing season at Agronomy Research Farm in Lincoln, NE, USA. The experimental field contained 100 wheat plots.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
The ground phenotyping system was equipped with ultrasonic sensors (ToughSonic 14, Senix Corporation) and a LiDAR (VLP-16 Puck, Velodyne LiDAR Inc.). A Zenmuse X5R RGB camera mounted on a UAV (Matrice 600 Pro or Phantom 3 Pro, DJI) was used for UAS.
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
The plots were scanned by the ground phenotyping system and a UAS. Manual measurements were also taken for comparison.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
LiDAR point clouds were processed using MATLAB R2017a. UAS images were processed using Pix4Dmapper to generate a digital surface model (DSM).
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ToughSonic 14
ToughSonic 14
Senix Corporation
Ultrasonic sensor for distance measurement
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VLP-16 Puck
VLP-16 Puck
Velodyne LiDAR Inc.
LiDAR for 3D scanning
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Zenmuse X5R RGB camera
Zenmuse X5R
DJI
RGB camera for aerial imaging
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Matrice 600 Pro
M600
DJI
Rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
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Phantom 3 Pro
P3P
DJI
Rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
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LabJack U6
U6
LabJack Corporation
Data acquisition (DAQ) board
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Pix4Dmapper
Pix4Dmapper
Pix4D
Software for image processing to generate digital surface models (DSM)
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ArcGIS
v10.5.1
Environmental System Research Institute Inc.
Geographic information system (GIS) software for spatial analysis
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MATLAB
R2017a
The MathWorks, Inc.
Software for numerical computing and data analysis
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LabVIEW
2016
National Instruments
Software for sensor controlling and data acquisition
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