研究目的
To develop sensors able to monitor the behavior of composite materials all along their life at the closest of the matter, focusing on fatigue as an important mode of failure of polymer composites.
研究成果
The study demonstrates the effectiveness of embedded sQRS to monitor the stress magnitude in the composite sample by continuous in situ measurements of Ar. The sQRS can provide early warning of composites’ damage evolution during fatigue before their catastrophic failure, improving safety and reliability of composites in many industrial sectors.
研究不足
The study focuses on the monitoring of fatigue in polymer composites using sQRS, but the identification of individual damage events such as polymer relaxation, fiber debonding or pull-out and breakage is challenging.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study involved the fabrication of conductive polymer nanocomposite (CPC) sensors in situ onto glass fiber plies by spray layer by layer (sLbL) at the interface with the epoxy matrix.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
A classical glass fibers/epoxy composite was instrumented in its core with two sQRS to monitor its short and long term fatigue behavior.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Carbon nanotubes NC-7000 MWNT (CNT), Epolam 2020 epoxy resin and amine hardener, Chloroform, Taffetas e-glass fiber.
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
The sQRS were structured by spraying the CPC solution layer-by-layer either directly on glass fibers’ surface before the assembly of plies or after. Dynamic loading was provided by a servo-hydraulic Epsiflex from Prodemat.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
In situ electrical measurements were performed in direct current (DC) with an additional Quantum HBM digital multimeter a monitoring voltage of 1V. Data were acquired at 100 Hz for in situ resistance measurements.
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Carbon nanotubes NC-7000 MWNT
NC-7000
Nanocyl
Used as the conductive material in the fabrication of sQRS for monitoring fatigue in polymer composites.
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Epolam 2020 epoxy resin and amine hardener
Epolam 2020
AXSON
Used as the matrix material in the composite and for the fabrication of sQRS.
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Chloroform
Aldrich
Used as a solvent in the preparation of the CPC solution.
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Taffetas e-glass fiber
Gazechim
Used as the reinforcement material in the composite.
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Kyowa KFGS-10-120-C1-11 metallic gauge
KFGS-10-120-C1-11
Kyowa
Used as a reference strain gauge to compare with the responses of sQRS.
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Instron 5566 servo-hydraulic test machine
5566
Instron
Used to measure force and displacement in static three-point bending test.
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servo-hydraulic Epsiflex
Epsiflex
Prodemat
Used to provide dynamic loading and displacement during measurement.
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Quantum HBM digital multimeter
HBM
Used for in situ electrical measurements in direct current (DC).
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