研究目的
Design and characterize small detection modules based on scintillators and WLS bars with SiPM readout for a cosmic ray mini-array for educational and research purposes.
研究成果
The detection modules achieved efficiencies up to 95% with optimized conditions, demonstrating feasibility for a low-cost cosmic ray array. Key factors include the use of WLS bars, appropriate SiPMs, and reflective coatings. Future work involves building more modules and conducting coincidence measurements for extensive air shower studies.
研究不足
The use of low-cost electronics (Arduino) limits the handling of high dark count rates, requiring high discriminator thresholds that reduce efficiency. Temperature variations affect SiPM performance, necessitating bias voltage control. The initial modules had efficiencies around 50%, which could be improved with better wrapping and larger SiPMs.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The design involves scintillator tiles coupled to WLS bars and SiPMs for light collection, with low-cost electronics based on Arduino MEGA for triggering and data acquisition. GEANT4 simulations were used to model photon transport and optimize light collection efficiency.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Scintillator tiles (20x20x1 cm3) and WLS bars (20x1x1 cm3) were used, with various SiPMs tested (e.g., 4x4 mm2 and 6x6 mm2 devices). Cosmic ray muons served as the particle source for efficiency measurements.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Scintillators (Mod. UPS-923A from Amcrys Ltd), WLS bars (Mod. EJ-280 from Eljen Technology), SiPMs (e.g., Advansid ASD-RGB-4S-P, Hamamatsu 6050-HS), Arduino MEGA board, Adafruit MPL115A2 sensor, aluminized tape, mylar foil, optical grease, and custom electronics boards (e.g., ASB-EP-EB-N amplifier, DS-01 discriminator/shaper).
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
Modules were built and enclosed in light-tight boxes. Efficiency was measured using a four-element telescope configuration with coincidences. Tests included varying bias voltages, discriminator thresholds, and wrapping materials. Data acquisition was handled via Arduino with GPS tagging.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
Efficiency was calculated as ratios of coincidence rates (e.g., four-fold to three-fold coincidences). Dark count rates and detection efficiencies were analyzed as functions of operational parameters, supported by GEANT4 simulation results.
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Scintillator
UPS-923A
Amcrys Ltd
Detects cosmic rays by scintillation, used as the primary detection material in modules.
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SiPM
6050-HS
Hamamatsu
Silicon photomultiplier with larger area and lower dark count rate for improved efficiency.
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WLS Bar
EJ-280
Eljen Technology
Wavelength shifter to absorb and re-emit scintillation photons for improved light collection.
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SiPM
ASD-RGB-4S-P
Advansid
Silicon photomultiplier for light detection and readout, converts photons to electrical signals.
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Amplifier Board
ASB-EP-EB-N
Advansid
Trans-impedance amplifier for SiPM signal amplification.
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Discriminator/Shaper Board
DS-01
Home-made
Discriminates and shapes SiPM signals to TTL logic for data acquisition.
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Arduino Board
MEGA
Arduino
Microcontroller for trigger, data acquisition, and processing of detector signals.
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Sensor
MPL115A2
Adafruit
Measures temperature and atmospheric pressure for environmental monitoring.
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