研究目的
To evaluate the use of GAGG:Ce scintillation crystals for synchrotron X-ray micro-imaging by comparing them with commonly used scintillators like CdWO4 and YAG:Ce in terms of image quality and spatial resolution.
研究成果
GAGG:Ce single crystals are competent scintillation materials for synchrotron X-ray micro-imaging, achieving micron spatial resolutions comparable to commonly used scintillators like CdWO4 and YAG:Ce. This is attributed to their high X-ray stopping power, high light yield, and optical transparency. Future work should explore applications at higher photon energies and improve surface quality to reduce artefacts.
研究不足
The study did not explore ultra-fast imaging at MHz frame rates due to the longer decay time of GAGG:Ce. Surface defects from dust particles caused ring artefacts in CT images, indicating a need for better surface finish and cleaning. The tested photon energy range was limited to up to 33 keV, and potential at higher energies (e.g., above 50 keV) was not experimentally verified.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study involved preparing thin scintillation screens from GAGG:Ce crystals and comparing their performance with CdWO4 and YAG:Ce scintillators under monochromatic X-ray illumination at different photon energies (13, 23, and 33 keV) to assess image quality and spatial resolution. Theoretical models for X-ray absorption and light yield were considered.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
A crystal ingot of GAGG:Ce with 1% cerium concentration was grown using the Czochralski process. Commercial scintillators (CdWO4 and YAG:Ce) were purchased for comparison. A gold micro-pattern on Si3N4 membrane was used as the sample for imaging.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Equipment included a synchrotron beamline (PLS-II beamline 6C), a double Si (111) crystal monochromator, a CCD camera (pco. 4000 from PCO AG), an objective lens (M Plan Apo/NA
4：42 from Mitutoyo), and software for CT reconstruction (Octopus from XRE) and visualization (Amira from Thermo Fisher Scientific). Materials included GAGG:
Ce, CdWO4, YAG:Ce crystals, and the gold pattern sample.
5：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
Scintillation screens were prepared by cutting, thinning, and polishing the GAGG:Ce ingot. SXR images were acquired by illuminating the sample with monochromatic X-rays and capturing the scintillation signals via the optical microscope and CCD camera. Visibility was calculated from line profiles of the images. CT projections were recorded at 0.25° intervals over 180° rotation.
6：25° intervals over 180° rotation. Data Analysis Methods:
5. Data Analysis Methods: Visibility was calculated using the formula (Imax - Imin)/(Imax + Imin) from averaged line profiles. X-ray absorption was calculated using the XOP 2.4 package. Image quality was assessed based on spatial resolution and comparison with other scintillators.
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CCD camera
pco. 4000
PCO AG
To capture and register the scintillation signals for image acquisition in synchrotron X-ray radiography.
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Software
Amira
Thermo Fisher Scientific
For three-dimensional image visualization and analysis.
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Scintillator
CdWO4
Miracrys LLC
Used as a reference scintillation material for comparison in imaging experiments.
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Sample
X500-200-30
Zeiss
A gold pattern on Si3N4 membrane used for image quality assessment in synchrotron X-ray radiography.
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Objective lens
M Plan Apo/NA 0.42
Mitutoyo
To magnify the scintillation image for high-resolution detection in the optical microscope setup.
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Monochromator
double Si (111) crystal monochromator
To produce monochromatic X-ray beam illumination for controlled experiments.
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Software
Octopus
XRE
For computed tomography reconstruction and data processing.
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Scintillator
YAG:Ce
Crytur
Used as a reference scintillation material for comparison in imaging experiments.
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