1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study used biomineralization with designer biotemplates (STB1 peptide, LacI-S protein, f88-S virus) to synthesize TiO2 nanoparticles. The rationale was to control morphology and nitrogen-doping through the context of STB1 nucleation cores. Methods included biomineralization, calcination, and various characterizations.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Samples included TiO2 synthesized with STB1, LacI-S, f88-S, and a bare TiO2 control. Biomolecules were sourced from synthesis and recombinant techniques, with concentrations adjusted to keep STB1 moieties constant at 25 μM.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included TEM (JEM ARM 200 F, JEOL), BET analyzer (ASAP 2000, Micromeritics), TGA (Seiko Exstar 6000, Seiko Instruments), XRD (D8 Discover, Bruker), XPS (ESCA2000, VG Microtech), UV-Vis spectrophotometer (UV-3600, Shimadzu), TCSPC system (customized with Mira900 laser, Coherent), gas chromatograph (7890 A GC system, Agilent), electrochemical instrument (CHI 660, CHI Instrument), solar simulators (PEC-L01, PECCELL; calibrated with silicon reference cell, Fraunhofer ISE). Materials included STB1 peptide (synthesized by Cosmo Genetech), TiBALDH, rhodamine B, ethyl cellulose, α-terpineol (Sigma-Aldrich).

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Biomineralization involved incubating biomolecule solutions with TiBALDH, acid precipitation, washing, freeze-drying, and calcination. Characterization steps included TEM, BET, TGA, XRD, XPS, UV-Vis, PL measurements, photocatalytic degradation tests, H2 production assays, and PEC measurements.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data were analyzed using techniques like XRD phase quantification (Spurr equation), XPS for elemental analysis, UV-Vis for bandgap calculation (Tauc plots), kinetic analysis for photodegradation rates, and TCSPC for PL lifetimes.