1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study used a melt quenching technique to prepare glass ceramic samples with varying Cr2O3 concentrations, followed by heat treatment to induce crystallization. Structural and spectroscopic characterizations were performed to analyze the properties.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Samples were prepared with compositions Cr0 to Cr5, differing in Cr2O3 content (0.0 to 0.5 mol%), using analytical grade chemicals.

3：0 to 5 mol%), using analytical grade chemicals. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Equipment included Oahu's digital balance, Shimadzu XRD–7000, Hitachi S-3700N SEM, DTG–60H DTA, Shimadzu 8400S FT-IR, BWTeki Raman plus spectrometer, E11Z Varian X–band ESR Spectrometer, UV-VIS 8400S Spectrometer, QE PRO – FL Spectrometer. Materials included Li2O, Bi2O3, ZrO2, SiO2, Cr2O3 powders, and O-xylene for density measurements.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Samples were melted at 1395-1415°C for 40 min, heat-treated at 920°C for 30 h, cooled to 27°C, and polished for measurements. Various analyses (XRD, SEM, DTA, FT-IR, Raman, ESR, optical absorption, luminescence) were conducted at room temperature.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Physical parameters were calculated using equations for density, ionic concentration, etc. Optical bandgap was determined from Tauc plots, and luminescence parameters were computed using specific formulas.