研究目的
To determine the appropriate piezoelectric materials for various types of piezoelectric energy harvesters with high output power by investigating the relationship between piezoelectric properties and output power under different operating conditions.
研究成果
Soft-piezoelectric materials with large kij are optimal for type-1 PEHs at resonance, hard-piezoelectric materials with large Qm are best for type-2 PEHs at resonance, and soft-piezoelectric materials are suitable for both types at off-resonance. The findings provide criteria for selecting piezoelectric materials to maximize output power in PEHs based on type and operating frequency.
研究不足
The study is limited to specific types of PEHs (cantilever-based) and piezoelectric materials (PZT-PZN with MnO2 doping). The effects of substrate materials other than steel are not fully explored, and the theoretical basis for some FOMs (e.g., kij2×dij×gij for off-resonance) requires further validation. Optimization for broader material sets and harvester designs is needed.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
Two types of PEHs (type-1 and type-2) were fabricated using PZT-PZN + x mol% MnO2 ceramics with varying MnO2 content (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 3.0). The experimental design involved synthesizing ceramics, characterizing their properties, and measuring output power under resonance and off-resonance conditions. Theoretical models for FOM (e.g., (kij2×Qm)/s11E for resonance, kij2×dij×gij for off-resonance) were employed.
2：0 ≤ x ≤ 0). The experimental design involved synthesizing ceramics, characterizing their properties, and measuring output power under resonance and off-resonance conditions. Theoretical models for FOM (e.g., (kij2×Qm)/s11E for resonance, kij2×dij×gij for off-resonance) were employed. Sample Selection and Data Sources:
2. Sample Selection and Data Sources: Ceramic samples were synthesized using PbO, ZrO2, TiO2, ZnO, Nb2O5, and MnO2 powders. Data on piezoelectric properties (e.g., k31, Qm, s11E) were measured, and output power data were collected from fabricated PEHs.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Equipment included XRD (Rigaku D/max-RC), SEM (Hitachi S-4300), d33 meter (Piezotest PiezoMeter PM-100), impedance analyzer (Agilent Technologies HP 4194A), artificial exciter (2007E, The Modal Shop, Inc.), digital oscilloscope (DPO4014B, Tektronix), and COMSOL software for simulations. Materials included piezoelectric ceramics, steel plates (SUS304), and epoxy (353ND, Epoxy Technology).
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
Ceramics were synthesized via calcination and sintering, characterized using XRD and SEM, poled, and used to fabricate cantilever-type PEHs. Vibration was applied using an exciter, and output voltage/power were measured at various load resistances and frequencies.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
Data were analyzed using statistical techniques and software tools like COMSOL for stress simulation and deconvolution with Voigt function for XRD analysis. FOM values were calculated and compared with experimental output power.
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XRD
D/max-RC
Rigaku
Used to examine the structure of ceramics via X-ray diffraction.
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SEM
S-4300
Hitachi
Used to investigate the microstructure of specimens.
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Impedance analyzer
HP 4194A
Agilent Technologies
Used to measure dielectric properties based on IEEE standards.
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Digital oscilloscope
DPO4014B
Tektronix
Used to measure output voltage of the PEH.
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Software
COMSOL
COMSOL
Used for simulating stress development in PEHs.
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d33 meter
PiezoMeter PM-100
Piezotest
Used to measure piezoelectric properties.
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Artificial exciter
2007E
The Modal Shop, Inc.
Used to apply external vibration to the PEH.
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Epoxy
353ND
Epoxy Technology
Used to attach piezoelectric plates to steel substrates.
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Steel plate
SUS304
Used as a substrate for the PEH.
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