研究目的
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of combination of photocatalysts - low concentration of hydrogen peroxide (3.5%) and titanium dioxide (TiO2), activated at a wavelength of 405 nm using quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) technology, and to quantify the tooth-bleaching effect using fluorescence images from QLF technology.
研究成果
Low H2O2/TiO2 with 405 nm irradiation using QLF technology demonstrated effective tooth bleaching with minimal side effects, and fluorescence images provided a quantitative method for assessment. The study confirms the potential of QLF technology for theragnosis in tooth bleaching, combining therapeutic and diagnostic functions.
研究不足
This in-vitro study excluded real oral conditions like the effect of saliva, which may limit the direct applicability to clinical settings. Further in-vivo studies are needed to evaluate efficacy and assessment possibilities in actual oral environmental conditions.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study used an in-vitro design to evaluate tooth bleaching efficacy with low-concentration hydrogen peroxide and titanium dioxide photocatalysts activated by light irradiation. Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) technology was employed for imaging and analysis.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Forty bovine incisors without cracks or discoloration were selected, sectioned, embedded in acrylic resin, and ground to form flat enamel surfaces. They were extrinsically stained using Stookey's method with a staining solution containing black tea, coffee, gastric mucin, ferric chloride, and Sarcina lutea.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Equipment included a low-speed saw with a diamond blade (Diamond discs, NTI-Kahla GmbH, Germany), ultraviolet light lamp (306 nm), visible light LED (405 nm), power meter (NOVA II), micro-brush, QLF-D BiluminatorTM2+ (Inspektor Research Systems, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), and software (Image J version 1.47, National Institutes of Health, USA; QA2 program, Inspektor Research systems BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands). Materials included
4：47, National Institutes of Health, USA; QA2 program, Inspektor Research systems BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands). Materials included 5% H2O2, anatase nano-TiO2 powder (SIGMA, 637254-50G, <25nm), rutile nano-TiO2 powder (sigma, 637262-25G, <100nm), and components for staining solution. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
3.5% H2O2, anatase nano-TiO2 powder (SIGMA, 637254-50G, <25nm), rutile nano-TiO2 powder (sigma, 637262-25G, <100nm), and components for staining solution. 4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: Specimens were stained, then bleaching solutions (
5：5% H2O2 with 05% TiO2) were applied and irradiated for 15 minutes at 306 nm or 405 nm with intensity maintained at 1 mW/cmImages (white-light and fluorescence) were captured every 5 minutes using QLF-D with specific camera settings (ISO 1600, shutter speeds 1/30s and 1/20s, apertures 0 and 1). Data Analysis Methods:
Color difference (?E) was calculated from white-light images using CIELAB color space in Image J software. Fluorescence loss (?F and ??F) was analyzed using QA2 program. Statistical analysis involved two-way repeated measures ANOVA, t-tests, and Pearson's correlation coefficient using SPSS software.
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Anatase nano-TiO2 powder
637254-50G
SIGMA
Used as a photocatalyst in the bleaching solution to enhance the bleaching effect when activated by light.
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Diamond disc
Diamond discs
NTI-Kahla GmbH
Used for sectioning bovine incisor specimens in the preparation of enamel samples.
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Power meter
NOVA II
Used to measure the power density of the light sources during irradiation to maintain intensity at 2.1 mW/cm2.
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QLF-D Biluminator
QLF-D BiluminatorTM2+
Inspektor Research Systems
Used to capture white-light and fluorescence images of the teeth for quantitative analysis of bleaching effects.
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Image analysis software
Image J version 1.47
National Institutes of Health
Used to compute CIE L*, a*, b* values from white-light images for calculating color difference (?E).
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QA2 program
QA2 program
Inspektor Research systems BV
Used to analyze fluorescence images and calculate ?F and ??F values for assessing fluorescence loss.
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Rutile nano-TiO2 powder
637262-25G
sigma
Used as a photocatalyst in the bleaching solution to enhance the bleaching effect when activated by light.
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