研究目的
To develop a bio-based elastomer with recyclable, self-healable, and multiple responsive properties, specifically incorporating photothermal-induced self-healing and shape memory capabilities into epoxy natural rubber (ENR) using dodecanedioic acids and aniline trimer.
研究成果
The ENR-DA-ACAT vitrimers exhibit excellent recyclability, self-healing, and multiple responsive properties (to heat, NIR light, and pH), with shape memory performance showing high fixing and recovery ratios. ACAT acts as a catalyst for transesterification, enhancing dynamic properties. This material has potential applications in actuators and smart materials, with maintained mechanical properties after recycling.
研究不足
The relaxation was not complete even at about 210°C, possibly due to irreversible ether bond formation from DMI-catalyzed epoxy homopolymerization. The study is limited to laboratory-scale synthesis and testing; scalability and long-term durability under real-world conditions are not addressed.
1:Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study involves cross-linking ENR with dodecanedioic acids (DAs) via esterification reaction, with the addition of aniline trimer (ACAT) to introduce dynamic covalent bonds for recyclability and responsiveness. The design leverages transesterification reactions for self-healing and shape memory properties.
2:Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) with 25% epoxidation degree was used as the base material. Dodecanedioic acid (DA), zinc acetate (Zn(Ac)2), 1,2-dimethylimidazole (DMI), and synthesized ACAT were employed as cross-linkers and catalysts. Samples with varying DA concentrations (10, 20, 30 mol% relative to epoxy groups) were prepared.
3:List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Equipment includes a Haake rheomixer for mixing, a vulcameter for curing characterization, FT-IR spectrometer (Bruker TENSOR 27), NMR spectrometer (Bruker AV400), DSC and TGA analyzers (Mettler-Toledo STARe system), tensile testing machine (Instron 5567), DMA device (TA-Q800), SEM (S-4800), and a near-infrared laser (808 nm wavelength). Materials include ENR, DA, Zn(Ac)2, DMI, aniline, p-phenylenediamine, ammonium persulfate, and solvents like DMSO.
4:Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
Samples were mixed in a rheomixer, compressed at 180°C for curing. Characterization involved FT-IR, NMR, DSC, TGA, stress-relaxation tests, DMA, shape memory cycles, self-healing tests under heat or NIR irradiation, and recyclability tests via compression molding at 200°C.
5:Data Analysis Methods:
Data were analyzed using FT-IR for chemical changes, Arrhenius equation for activation energy from stress-relaxation, DMA for thermal transitions, and tensile tests for mechanical properties. Self-healing and recyclability efficiencies were calculated based on tensile energy ratios.
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FT-IR spectrometer
Bruker TENSOR 27
Bruker
Recording FT-IR spectra from 4000 to 500 cm?1
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NMR spectrometer
Bruker AV400
Bruker
Carrying out 1H NMR spectra
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SEM
S-4800
Hitachi
Observing self-healing of cracks
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Haake rheomixer
Haake
Mixing of ENR with cross-linkers and catalysts
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vulcameter
P355C2
Beijing Ruida Yu Chen Instrument Co., Ltd
Determining curing characteristics at 180°C
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DSC analyzer
STARe system
Mettler-Toledo
Differential scanning calorimetry analysis
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TGA analyzer
STARe system
Mettler-Toledo
Thermal gravimetric analysis
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tensile testing machine
Instron 5567
Instron
Testing mechanical properties at room temperature
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DMA device
TA-Q800
TA Instruments
Stress-relaxation experiments, dynamic mechanical analysis, dilatometry tests
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NIR laser
Light source for photothermal experiments
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