研究目的
To establish and compare a closed-loop functional optogenetic stimulation (CL-FOS) system with closed-loop functional electrical stimulation (CL-FES) for controlling ankle joint position in murine models, focusing on accuracy, fatigue, and underlying mechanisms.
研究成果
CL-FOS provides superior accuracy, faster response, and reduced fatigue compared to CL-FES in controlling ankle joint position. The 3-phase photo-kinetic model explains temporal dynamics, offering insights for future optogenetic therapies. This work supports the potential for CL-FOS in neuroprosthetic applications, though further research is needed for human translation and optimization.
研究不足
The study is limited to murine models; translation to humans may face challenges due to differences in nerve depth and tissue properties. Transdermal light penetration constraints and potential heating issues with optical stimulation are noted. The 3-phase model may not fully capture all kinetic variations, and expression levels affect system response.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study used a closed-loop PI controller system for optogenetic and electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves in mice and rats to control ankle joint position. Feedback signals included joint angle or fascicle length. A 3-phase photo-kinetic model was developed to explain temporal dynamics.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Transgenic mice (n=10) expressing ChR2 and rats (n=12) with viral transduction of ChR2 were used. CL-FES experiments were performed on rats (n=11). Tissues were harvested for immunofluorescence and histology.
3：1). Tissues were harvested for immunofluorescence and histology.
List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: LEDs (470 nm, Osram Opto Semiconductors), T-cube LED current driver (ThorLabs), myRio RT module (National Instruments), optical distance sensor (OADM 12U6460/S35A, Baumer), sonomicrometry crystals (Sonometrics), hook electrodes for FES, EMG needles (Natus), LabVIEW software, isofluorane anesthesia, AAV6-hSyn-ChR2 virus, antibodies for staining.
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
Animals were anesthetized; nerves were exposed for FES or transdermally stimulated for FOS. Feedback from sensors was fed to a PI controller to modulate stimulation. Trials included square and sinusoidal waveforms, fatigue tests, and EMG recordings. Tissues were fixed and analyzed post-experiment.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
Data were analyzed using MATLAB and LabVIEW. Metrics included steady-state root mean square error, rise time, overshoot, and statistical tests (unpaired t-tests). Immunofluorescence and histology were quantified with ImageJ.
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