研究目的
To develop and characterize the Percival P2M 2-Megapixel monolithic active pixel imager for soft X-ray detection, matching the high brilliance and repetition rates of modern Free-Electron Laser and Synchrotron light sources.
研究成果
The Percival P2M imager has been successfully fabricated and demonstrates basic functionality with visible light, including automatic gain switching and image capture. It is designed to handle high photon fluxes and frame rates for soft X-ray applications. Future work includes optimizing ADC performance, completing backside processing for soft X-ray sensitivity, and conducting thorough calibrations to enable deployment in synchrotron and FEL facilities.
研究不足
The front-illuminated configuration is not suitable for soft X-ray detection due to metal and SiO2 layers; backthinning is required but not fully implemented yet. Operation requires cooling to specific temperatures (e.g., -40°C for low noise), and the high data rate (20 Gbit/s) poses challenges for data handling and storage. The sensor's quantum efficiency is limited above ~1 keV due to the thin Si epilayer.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study involves the design, fabrication, and testing of a monolithic CMOS sensor using a commercial 180 nm technology with stitching architecture. Methods include sensor characterization with visible light and planned soft X-ray testing post-backthinning.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
The P2M sensor samples are fabricated on an 8-inch wafer, with one wafer undergoing backthinning for soft X-ray optimization. Data sources include images from visible light illumination and sensor performance metrics.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Includes the P2M sensor, LTCC board, Power Board, Carrier Board with Virtex-6 FPGA, Mezzanine board with Virtex-5 FPGA, cooling systems, vacuum chambers, and illumination sources like LEDs.
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
Steps involve sensor mounting and wirebonding, bias and control signal application, image acquisition at various frame rates (up to 300 Hz), data readout via LVDS lines, and analysis using calibration techniques such as photon transfer curves.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
Data is processed using a custom software framework for calibration and characterization, involving noise reduction, gain switching analysis, and conversion of ADC units to physical units (electrons).
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