1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

A two-step synthesis process involving precipitation with in-situ NaCl cage formation for Nb doping, followed by heat treatment in ammonia gas for N doping, to achieve passivated p-n co-doping in ZnO nanoparticles.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

E. coli bacteria (CGMCC E. coli 8099) used for photocatalytic disinfection tests.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Reagents include ZnCl2, NbCl5, NaOH, ethanol, and ammonia gas; equipment includes XRD (D8 ADVANCE, Bruker), TEM (JEOL 2100 F), XPS (ESCALAB250, Thermo), UV-Vis spectrophotometer (UV-2550, Shimadzu), xenon lamp (PLS-SXE300, Beijing PerfectLight), and optical radiometer (Multi-Sense, Beijing Normal University).

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Synthesis involved precipitation reaction, washing, drying, annealing in air, and heat treatment in ammonia; characterization via XRD, TEM, XPS, and UV-Vis; photocatalytic testing with E. coli under visible light.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

XRD for crystal structure, TEM for morphology and element distribution, XPS for chemical composition, UV-Vis for optical properties, and colony counting for disinfection efficiency.