1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved growing single crystals of GGAG doped with various Ln3+ ions using the Czochralski method under nitrogen atmosphere. Spectroscopic measurements were conducted to analyze luminescence properties, excitation spectra, and decay kinetics.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Crystals were grown with specific dopant concentrations (e.g., 1 at.% for each ion) and cut into polished samples for analysis.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included a Malvern MSR4 puller for crystal growth, FLS980 fluorescence spectrometer with a 450 W xenon lamp and Hamamatsu 928 PMT detector, Continuum Surelite I OPO, Opotek Opolette 355 LD laser system, Tektronix MDO 4054B-3 oscilloscope, Coherent Libra femtosecond laser, Light Conversion OPerA optical parametric amplifier, Princeton Instruments Acton 2500i spectrograph, and Hamamatsu C5680 streak camera. Materials included high-purity oxides (Gd2O3, Tb4O7, Ga2O3, Al2O3, Ce2O3, Eu2O3).

4：3). Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: Crystals were grown with controlled parameters (pulling rate

5：5 mm/h, rotation speed 20 rpm, temperature ~1860°C). Samples were prepared and subjected to excitation at various wavelengths (e.g., 312 nm, 355 nm, 378 nm, 395 nm) to record emission and excitation spectra, and decay curves were measured using laser systems and detectors. Data Analysis Methods:

Spectra were corrected for setup sensitivity, and decay curves were analyzed to determine lifetimes and energy transfer efficiencies using formulas like ηET = 1-(τ0/τ).