1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study used high-temperature melting quenching followed by heat treatment to synthesize glass ceramics. Methods included differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to determine heat treatment parameters, X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase identification, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphology analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for structural changes, UV-Vis spectrophotometry for transmittance, and Abbe refractometer for refractive index measurements.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Glass samples were prepared with a specific composition (15Na2CO3-3Y2O3-45SiO2-31H3BO3-5.4P2O5-0.6Sb2O3 mol%) using analytical raw materials. Samples were heat-treated at different temperatures (650°C, 670°C, 690°C) for 2 hours.

3：4P2O5-6Sb2O3 mol%) using analytical raw materials. Samples were heat-treated at different temperatures (650°C, 670°C, 690°C) for 2 hours. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Equipment included a resistance furnace for melting, SDT2960 differential thermal analyzer for DSC, Rigaku2500PCX X-ray diffraction apparatus for XRD, JEOL JSM-7610F SEM for imaging, FTIR-8400S spectrometer for FTIR, SHIMADZU UV mini-1240 spectrophotometer for UV-Vis, and 2WAJ Abbe refractometer for refractive index. Materials included corundum crucibles, Al2O3 reference, KBr pellets, and raw chemicals like Na2CO3, Y2O3, SiO2, H3BO3, P2O5, Sb2O

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Raw materials were mixed and melted at 1200°C for 1h, then heated to 1400°C for 2h with stirring. The melt was quenched in a steel mold and annealed at 450°C for 2h to form precursor glass. Heat treatment was applied at specified temperatures. Samples were cut and polished for analysis. DSC was performed with a heating rate of 10°C/min, XRD with Cu Kα radiation, SEM at 10kV, FTIR with KBr pellets, and transmittance/refractive index measurements as per standard protocols.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

XRD patterns were compared with JCPDS cards for phase identification. Crystallite size was estimated using Scherrer's equation. FTIR spectra were analyzed for band assignments. Transmittance data were interpreted using Henry theory for light scattering.