1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved preparing hybrid films via drop-casting a mixture of UCNPs and lanthanide complexes in chloroform. Optical properties were investigated using steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, and electron microscopy to understand energy transfer mechanisms.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Samples included NaGdF4:20% Yb3+,0.5% Tm3+ UCNPs synthesized via microwave-assisted thermal decomposition and dinuclear lanthanide complexes [Tb2] and [Eu2] synthesized from tfaa and bpm ligands. Hybrid systems were prepared with varying UCNPs-to-complex ratios and concentrations.

3：5% Tm3+ UCNPs synthesized via microwave-assisted thermal decomposition and dinuclear lanthanide complexes [Tb2] and [Eu2] synthesized from tfaa and bpm ligands. Hybrid systems were prepared with varying UCNPs-to-complex ratios and concentrations. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Chemicals included gadolinium oxide, ytterbium oxide, thulium oxide, sodium trifluoroacetate, oleic acid, oleylamine, tfaa, bpm, TbCl3·6H2O, EuCl3·6H2O, chloroform, etc. Equipment included X-ray powder diffractometer (Rigaku Ultima IV), TEM (FEI Tecnai Spirit), SEM (JEOL JSM-7500F FESEM), spectrofluorimeter (Varian Cary Eclipse), hyperspectral microscope (IMA Upconversion by PhotonEtc), monochromators (Andor Shamrock 500i), laser diodes (CNI Optoelectronics Tech), and others.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

UCNPs were synthesized, complexes were prepared, and hybrid films were formed by drop-casting mixed solutions on glass slides. Characterization involved XRD, TEM, SEM, optical spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, and lifetime measurements under 980 nm excitation.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data were analyzed using hyperspectral imager's PHySpecV2 software and OriginPro, with emission spectra, power-dependent studies, decay curves, and hyperspectral maps to quantify energy transfer and spatial distribution.