1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study used a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles co-doped with Fe3+ and Pb2+ at varying concentrations (0, 1, 3, 7 mol%). The rationale was to develop new materials for treating organic effluents and combating microbial resistance. Theoretical models included Rietveld refinement for structural analysis and Kubelka-Munk function for optical properties.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Samples were prepared using precursor materials: Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Fe(NO3)3·9H2O, Pb(NO3)2, NaOH, and deionized water. Specific samples included pure ZnO and co-doped variants (e.g., Z1F, Z1F1P).

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included Shimadzu diffractometer (XRD-6000), Supra 35 SEM microscope (Zeiss), Belsorp II BET equipment (Bel Japan, INC), Shimadzu IRTracer-100 FTIR, Shimadzu UV-2550 DRS-UV, Shimadzu EDX-720 XRF, Shimadzu UV-2600 spectrophotometer, TOC analyzer Shimadzu 500, UVC lamps (Philips TUV 15W), and autoclave for hydrothermal synthesis. Materials were sourced from Sigma-Aldrich and Synth.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Synthesis involved dissolving precursors, adjusting pH to 13 with NaOH, heating in a Teflon autoclave at 140°C for 30 min under microwave radiation (2.45 GHz, 800 W max power, 3 atm pressure), followed by centrifugation, washing, and drying. Characterization involved XRD, SEM, BET, FTIR, DRS-UV, XRF. Photocatalytic tests used methylene blue dye degradation under UV radiation; antimicrobial tests used agar diffusion method against E. coli and S. aureus.

5：45 GHz, 800 W max power, 3 atm pressure), followed by centrifugation, washing, and drying. Characterization involved XRD, SEM, BET, FTIR, DRS-UV, XRF. Photocatalytic tests used methylene blue dye degradation under UV radiation; antimicrobial tests used agar diffusion method against E. coli and S. aureus. Data Analysis Methods:

5. Data Analysis Methods: Data were analyzed using Rietveld refinement with GSAS and EXPGUI for structural parameters, Kubelka-Munk and Wood-Tauc equations for band gap estimation, statistical analysis of inhibition halo diameters, and TOC measurements for mineralization.