1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved preparing PZT-PVDF composites with different particle sizes of PZT (17 nm, 25 μm, 37 μm, and 53 μm) at a 0.5 volume fraction using a hot press method. The rationale was to examine how particle size affects dielectric and piezoelectric properties. Theoretical models included the Scherrer formula for grain size calculation and standard relations for piezoelectric coefficients.

2：5 volume fraction using a hot press method. The rationale was to examine how particle size affects dielectric and piezoelectric properties. Theoretical models included the Scherrer formula for grain size calculation and standard relations for piezoelectric coefficients. Sample Selection and Data Sources:

2. Sample Selection and Data Sources: Samples were prepared as pellets with fixed dimensions using PZT ceramic powder (APC 855) and PVDF pellets, with cyclohexanone as a solvent. Selection criteria were based on particle size variations obtained via nylon sieve plates and ball milling.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included a hot press apparatus, scanning electron microscope (JEOL-Model 6390, Oxford Instruments), X-ray powder diffractometer (Shimadzu Instrument, Model - XRD 6000), piezometer (Take Control PM 35, UK), and a silicone oil bath for poling. Materials included PZT powder, PVDF pellets, cyclohexanone solvent, and conductive silver paste.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Steps involved mixing PZT and PVDF with solvent, pressing into pellets using hot press, electroding with silver paste, poling in silicone oil bath at 120°C for one hour under various poling fields (10 to 30 kV/cm), and subsequent measurements of capacitance, d33, and analysis via SEM, EDAX, and XRD.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data were analyzed using the Scherrer formula for grain size, calculation of dielectric constant from capacitance, and piezoelectric coefficients using standard equations. Statistical techniques were not explicitly mentioned; software tools were not specified.