研究目的
To design new, low-cost, easy to produce, non-toxic, and stable-over-time mixtures for breast phantoms, and to characterize their dielectric properties up to 50 GHz for use in millimeter-wave imaging for breast cancer detection.
研究成果
The developed tissue-mimicking materials successfully emulate the dielectric properties of human breast tissues up to 50 GHz, with good agreement to ex vivo samples. Sunflower oil is an effective preservation medium. The procedures allow for rational design of phantoms with target properties, supporting the development of millimeter-wave imaging systems for breast cancer detection. Future work should focus on mechanical property characterization and in vivo validation.
研究不足
The study is limited to in vitro phantom measurements; in vivo applicability and long-term stability beyond 10 days were not fully assessed. The use of dishwashing liquid introduced ionic conductivity, potentially affecting low-frequency measurements. Calibration inaccuracies at high frequencies may cause ripples in data. The phantoms do not fully replicate the mechanical properties (e.g., stiffness) of real tissues, and further characterization of elastic properties is needed.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study involved designing and fabricating tissue-mimicking phantoms using mixtures of sunflower oil, water, gelatin, and other agents. Dielectric properties were measured using a coaxial probe kit connected to a vector network analyzer (VNA) over 0.5-50 GHz. Theoretical models like the Bruggeman formula were used for comparison.
2：5-50 GHz. Theoretical models like the Bruggeman formula were used for comparison.
Sample Selection and Data Sources:
2. Sample Selection and Data Sources: Phantoms were prepared with varying concentrations of ingredients (e.g., oil, gelatin) to mimic different breast tissue types (low, medium, high density, malignant). Reference data came from ex vivo human breast tissue measurements.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Equipment included magnetic hot-plate stirrers, glass beakers, graduated cylinders, electronic pipettor, high-precision scale, coaxial probe kit (Keysight 85070E), VNA (Keysight E8361C), mechanical positioner, digital balance, and personal computer with software (Matlab, Excel). Materials included gelatin (Sigma Aldrich #G9382), deionized water (Millipore), sunflower oil (Esselunga), dishwashing liquid (Dexcal), waste-oil hardener (Kokubo & Co. Ltd.), and polysorbate
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
Mixtures were prepared by heating and stirring ingredients, then allowing polymerization. Dielectric measurements were performed by placing the coaxial probe in contact with the sample, with calibration using standards (deionized water, air, short-circuit). Multiple measurements at different points and times ensured reproducibility.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
Data were analyzed using statistical methods (e.g., percent median absolute deviation) and compared to theoretical predictions. Software like Matlab was used for processing.
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