1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study employed a hydrothermal method for synthesizing TiO2 nanoparticles, chosen for its ability to control particle size and crystallinity. The synthesis involved treating TiO2 microparticles with NaOH under hydrothermal conditions, followed by washing, drying, and heating. DSSCs were fabricated using screen printing for TiO2 coating and standard methods for dye sensitization and electrolyte application. Characterization techniques included PXRD, DLS, UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, and I-V measurements to analyze the properties and performance of the nanoparticles and DSSCs.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

TiO2 microparticles from MERCK were used as the precursor. Samples were prepared by hydrothermal treatment at 150°C for 24 hours, followed by neutralization and heating. Data were collected from synthesized nanoparticles and fabricated DSSC devices.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included an autoclave for hydrothermal synthesis, hot plate for drying and heating, screen printing setup for coating, multimeter for resistance measurement, PXRD (Shimadzu, Japan), DLS (Malvern, Germany), UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan), FT-IR (Thermo Scientific NICOLET iS5), SEM, TEM, and I-V measurement system (Keithley model 2611). Materials included TiO2 microparticles (MERCK), NaOH, HCl, ethanol, methanol, Cu-BPCA dye, PVA, deionized water, ITO glasses, and iodine electrolyte.

4：1). Materials included TiO2 microparticles (MERCK), NaOH, HCl, ethanol, methanol, Cu-BPCA dye, PVA, deionized water, ITO glasses, and iodine electrolyte. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by mixing TiO2 microparticles with 10M NaOH and treating hydrothermally at 150°C for 24 hours, then washed with 0.1M HCl, dried at 80°C, and heated at 500°C. TiO2 slurry was prepared by mixing ethanol, TiO2 NPs, HCl, and water, stirred for 2 hours. DSSC devices were fabricated by depositing TiO2 film on ITO glass using screen printing, staining with Cu-BPCA dye, and assembling with a carbon-coated counter electrode and iodine electrolyte. Characterization involved PXRD, DLS, UV-Vis, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, and I-V measurements under specified conditions.

5：1M HCl, dried at 80°C, and heated at 500°C. TiO2 slurry was prepared by mixing ethanol, TiO2 NPs, HCl, and water, stirred for 2 hours. DSSC devices were fabricated by depositing TiO2 film on ITO glass using screen printing, staining with Cu-BPCA dye, and assembling with a carbon-coated counter electrode and iodine electrolyte. Characterization involved PXRD, DLS, UV-Vis, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, and I-V measurements under specified conditions. Data Analysis Methods:

5. Data Analysis Methods: Data were analyzed using techniques such as Debye-Scherrer's formula for crystallite size from XRD, band gap calculation from UV-Vis spectra, and interpretation of peaks from FT-IR and other spectroscopic methods. I-V characteristics were measured to assess diode behavior and efficiency.