1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved synthesizing rutile TiO2 nanorods as a substrate and coating them with SbeSnO2 via a co-precipitation method, followed by calcination at various temperatures to optimize conductivity. Characterization techniques included XRD, TEM, SEM, XPS, and zeta potential analysis to assess morphology, structure, and electrical properties.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Rutile TiO2 nanorods were self-synthesized using a published method involving FeCl3 and TiCl3. SbeSnO2 coating was applied with precursors SbCl3 and SnCl2·2H2O. Samples were calcinated at temperatures from 300°C to 700°C.

3：SbeSnO2 coating was applied with precursors SbCl3 and SnCl2·2H2O. Samples were calcinated at temperatures from 300°C to 700°C. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Equipment included an oil bath heating device, freeze-drying equipment (FFD-1C-50), XRD diffractometer (Rigaku D/max–2500), TEM (JEOL-2100FS), SEM (Hitachi-SU8020), XPS instrument (VG Scientific ESCALab220i–XL), zeta potential analyzer (Nano-ZS90, Malvern), and resistivity testers (ST-2722 and ST2255, Suzhou Jingge Electronic Co., Ltd.). Materials included FeCl3, TiCl3, HCl, SnCl2·2H2O, SbCl3, ammonia solution, water, and ethanol.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

TiO2 nanorods were synthesized by heating FeCl3 and TiCl3 solutions at 100°C for 24 hours, followed by filtration and freeze-drying. For coating, TiO2 was dispersed in water-ethanol, heated to 75°C, and precursor solution (SbCl3 and SnCl2·2H2O in HCl) was added dropwise, with pH adjustment to 1.0 using ammonia. The mixture was stirred for 18 hours, filtered, washed, and dried. Calcination was performed at specified temperatures for 2 hours. Characterization and resistivity measurements were conducted post-calcination.

5：0 using ammonia. The mixture was stirred for 18 hours, filtered, washed, and dried. Calcination was performed at specified temperatures for 2 hours. Characterization and resistivity measurements were conducted post-calcination. Data Analysis Methods:

5. Data Analysis Methods: XRD data were analyzed using Scherrer Equation to calculate crystallite sizes. TEM and SEM images were used to observe morphology. XPS spectra were calibrated and elemental ratios calculated. Zeta potential was measured via Laser Doppler Micro-Electrophoresis. Resistivity was calculated using the four-contact method with formula ρ = RS/h.