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A multi-faceted CNN architecture for automatic classification of mobile LiDAR data and an algorithm to reproduce point cloud samples for enhanced training

DOI:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.11.006 期刊:ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 出版年份:2019 更新时间:2025-09-19 17:15:36
摘要: Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) data of outdoor environment are typically characterised by occlusion, noise, clutter, large data size and high quantum of information which makes their classification a challenging problem. This paper presents three deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures in three dimension (3D), namely single CNN (SCN), multi-faceted CNN (MFC) and MFC with reproduction (MFCR) for automatic classification of MLS data. The MFC uses multiple facets of an MLS sample as inputs to different SCNs, thus providing additional information during classification. The MFC, once trained, is used to reproduce additional samples with the help of existing samples. The reproduced samples are employed to further refine the MFC training parameters, thus giving a new method called MFCR. The three architectures are evaluated on an ensemble of 3D outdoor MLS data consisting of four classes, i.e. tree, pole, house and ground covered with low vegetation along with car samples from KITTI dataset. The total accuracy and kappa values of classifications reached up to (i) 86.0% and 81.3% for the SCN (ii) 94.3% and 92.4% for the MFC and (iii) 96.0% and 94.6% for the MFCR, respectively. The paper has demonstrated the use of multiple facets to significantly improve classification accuracy over the SCN. Finally, a unique approach has been developed for reproduction of samples which has shown potential to improve the accuracy of classification. Unlike previous works on the use of CNN for structured point cloud of indoor objects, this work shows the utility of different proposed CNN architectures for classification of varieties of outdoor objects, viz., tree, pole, house and ground which are captured as unstructured point cloud by MLS.
作者: Bhavesh Kumar,Gaurav Pandey,Bharat Lohani,Subhas C. Misra
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To develop and evaluate deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures for automatic classification of outdoor Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) data, addressing challenges like occlusion, noise, and clutter.

The proposed CNN architectures (SCN, MFC, MFCR) effectively classify outdoor MLS data with high accuracy, overcoming challenges like noise and occlusion. MFC improves accuracy over SCN by using multiple facets, and MFCR further enhances it through sample reproduction. The methods are parameter-free and generalizable across different sensors, with potential applications in GIS and autonomous navigation.

Hardware constraints limited the number of facets and feature maps. The study used only four classes due to limited sample availability. Generalization to data from different sensors (e.g., Paris-Lille-3D dataset) showed reduced accuracy. The architectures require significant computational resources and training time.

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