研究目的
To develop and evaluate deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures for automatic classification of outdoor Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) data, addressing challenges like occlusion, noise, and clutter.
研究成果
The proposed CNN architectures (SCN, MFC, MFCR) effectively classify outdoor MLS data with high accuracy, overcoming challenges like noise and occlusion. MFC improves accuracy over SCN by using multiple facets, and MFCR further enhances it through sample reproduction. The methods are parameter-free and generalizable across different sensors, with potential applications in GIS and autonomous navigation.
研究不足
Hardware constraints limited the number of facets and feature maps. The study used only four classes due to limited sample availability. Generalization to data from different sensors (e.g., Paris-Lille-3D dataset) showed reduced accuracy. The architectures require significant computational resources and training time.
1:Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study proposes three CNN architectures (SCN, MFC, MFCR) for 3D classification of MLS data. The MFC uses multiple rotated facets of samples as inputs, and MFCR involves sample reproduction to enhance training. Backpropagation with cross-entropy cost function, L2 regularization, momentum, dropout, and ELU activation function are used.
2:Sample Selection and Data Sources:
MLS datasets from Streetmapper and Lynx sensors are manually segmented to extract samples of tree, pole, house, and ground classes. Additional car samples from the KITTI dataset (using Velodyne sensor) are included. Training and testing sets are created with specific sample counts per class.
3:List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Intel Xeon 3.5 GHz processor with 12 cores, NVIDIA Quadro K4000 GPU, Python programming language, and datasets from various sensors.
4:5 GHz processor with 12 cores, NVIDIA Quadro K4000 GPU, Python programming language, and datasets from various sensors.
Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: Samples are rescaled and voxelized into 20x20x20 voxels. Rotations about X, Y, Z axes are applied to create facets. CNNs are trained and tested, with reproduction algorithm adding points to samples based on trained MFC.
5:Data Analysis Methods:
Classification accuracy is evaluated using total accuracy and kappa values. Precision and recall are also computed for different classes.
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