研究目的
Investigating the photocatalytic degradation of phenol and real petrochemical wastewater using a ZnO/TiO2/rGO nanocomposite under visible light irradiation, optimizing operational parameters, and understanding the degradation mechanism.
研究成果
The ZnO/TiO2/rGO nanocomposite demonstrated high photocatalytic activity for phenol degradation under visible light, with optimal conditions at pH 4, catalyst dosage 0.6 g L?1, and phenol concentration 60 ppm, achieving complete degradation in 160 minutes. The addition of rGO enhanced performance by reducing band gap, increasing surface area, and lowering electron-hole recombination. Hydroxyl radicals were identified as the primary reactive species. The catalyst showed good recyclability and effectiveness in treating real petrochemical wastewater, indicating potential for industrial applications with low electrical energy consumption.
研究不足
The study is limited to laboratory-scale batch experiments; scalability to industrial applications may require further optimization. The use of specific light sources and conditions may not fully represent natural sunlight or varying environmental factors. The nanocomposite's long-term stability and performance in diverse wastewater matrices were not extensively tested.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study involved synthesizing ZnO/TiO2/rGO nanocomposites via hydrothermal, solvothermal, and sol-gel methods. Photocatalytic performance was evaluated by degrading phenol in aqueous solutions under visible light irradiation, with optimization of parameters like pH, catalyst dosage, phenol concentration, and light distance.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Phenol solutions were prepared using deionized water. Real petrochemical wastewater was collected from Maroun Petrochemical Company, Iran. Samples were characterized using various analytical techniques.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Equipment included XRD (Quantachrome NOVA 2000), Raman spectrometer (Horiba-Jobin-Yvonlabram-HR UV-VIS-NIR), FESEM (Mira-3-Taksan), BET (Beckman-Coulter 3100), FTIR (Bruker-VERTEX70), UV-Vis spectrophotometer (SHIMADZU UV-1240), EIS (potential-galvanostat PGSTAT302N), TOC analyzer (Rosemount-Dohrmann DC-190), TGA (Q-600 TA-apparatus), pH meter (Mettler-Toledo S210-Std-Kit), centrifuge (PIT320 Universal), and UV-visible spectrophotometer (Unico UV2100). Materials included GO (US Research Nanomaterials), titanium(IV) butoxide, zinc nitrate hexahydrate, ethanol, nitric acid, phenol, and other chemicals from Merck.
4：0). Materials included GO (US Research Nanomaterials), titanium(IV) butoxide, zinc nitrate hexahydrate, ethanol, nitric acid, phenol, and other chemicals from Merck. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: Synthesis involved preparing TiO2 via sol-gel, ZnO via precipitation, and rGO/ZnO/TiO2 via hydrothermal method. Photocatalytic experiments were conducted in a batch reactor with visible light lamps (270.7 Cd lamps with λ > 420 nm filter). After adsorption-desorption equilibrium in dark, samples were irradiated, and phenol concentration was measured at intervals.
5：7 Cd lamps with λ > 420 nm filter). After adsorption-desorption equilibrium in dark, samples were irradiated, and phenol concentration was measured at intervals. Data Analysis Methods:
5. Data Analysis Methods: Phenol degradation efficiency was calculated using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Kinetic analysis used pseudo-first-order model. Electrical energy consumption was estimated using EEO equation. Statistical analysis included regression coefficients for kinetic and isotherm models.
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Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer
VERTEX70
Bruker
Used for FTIR spectra evaluation.
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UV-Vis Spectrophotometer
UV-1240
SHIMADZU
Used for UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.
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Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Instrument
PGSTAT302N
Metrohm
Used for EIS analysis in a three-electrode cell.
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X-Ray Diffractometer
NOVA 2000
Quantachrome
Used for structural analysis of nanocomposites via XRD patterns.
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Raman Spectrometer
HR UV-VIS-NIR
Horiba-Jobin-Yvonlabram
Used for Raman spectroscopy analysis with laser wavelength 532 nm.
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Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope
Mira-3-Taksan
Taksan
Used for FESEM micrographs, EDX, and Dot-Mapping analysis.
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BET Surface Area Analyzer
3100
Beckman-Coulter
Used for BET specific surface area determination via N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms.
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Total Organic Carbon Analyzer
DC-190
Rosemount-Dohrmann
Used for TOC analysis of degraded solutions.
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Thermogravimetric Analyzer
Q-600
TA Instruments
Used for TGA analysis under air flow.
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pH Meter
S210-Std-Kit
Mettler-Toledo
Used for pH measurement of solutions.
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Centrifuge
PIT320 Universal
Unknown
Used to remove photocatalysts from aqueous solutions.
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UV-Visible Spectrophotometer
UV2100
Unico
Used to measure phenol concentration at specific wavelengths.
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Visible Light Lamps
270.7 Cd lamps
Unknown
Used as visible light source for photocatalytic experiments with λ > 420 nm filter.
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