研究目的
To synthesize and characterize rGO/ZnO/Cu nanostructure for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light, and to evaluate the effects of rGO and Cu doping on ZnO properties.
研究成果
The rGO/ZnO/Cu nanostructure was successfully synthesized with hexagonal crystallinity, reduced band gap from 3.37eV to 3.22eV, and enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue up to 97% under visible light. The catalyst shows good stability and repeatability, making it suitable for safer and more economical photocatalytic applications.
研究不足
XRD analysis could not detect Cu peaks due to similar ionic radii of Zn and Cu, and low doping concentration. Agglomeration of particles was observed, which might affect performance. The method may have limitations in uniform distribution of materials.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
A two-step ultrasonic-assisted method involving total reflux and hydrothermal process was used to synthesize rGO/ZnO/Cu nanostructure. Hydrazine monohydrate was added as a reducing agent for GO reduction.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Materials included GO, ZnO, copper nitrate, hydrazine monohydrate, methylene blue, ethanol, and sodium hydroxide, all purchased from commercial suppliers. De-ionized water and ethanol were used as solvents.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Equipment included Ultra-Turrax dispersing machine, ultrasound device, autoclave, oven, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD (D5000 device by Siemens AG), XRD-SAXS (X'Pert PRO MPD by PANalytical), FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, DRS, UV-vis spectrophotometer, Xe arc lamps (300W and 500W), and centrifuges. Materials are as listed in section
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
Suspensions of GO and ZnO/Cu were prepared separately, mixed, ultrasonicated, subjected to total reflux at 140°C for 12h, and hydrothermal treatment at 170°C for 12h. The precipitate was washed, dried, and characterized. Photocatalytic activity was tested by dispersing catalyst in MB solution, sonicating in dark, irradiating with light, and measuring absorbance at 664nm.
5：2h. The precipitate was washed, dried, and characterized. Photocatalytic activity was tested by dispersing catalyst in MB solution, sonicating in dark, irradiating with light, and measuring absorbance at 664nm. Data Analysis Methods:
5. Data Analysis Methods: XRD patterns analyzed crystallinity using Debye-Scherrer equation; SAXS for size distribution; FTIR and Raman for chemical bonds; DRS for band gap calculation using Tauc theory; photocatalytic degradation kinetics analyzed using pseudo-first order model and Langmuir-Hinshelwood model.
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XRD
D5000
Siemens AG
Used to record XRD patterns for crystallinity analysis.
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XRD-SAXS
X'Pert PRO MPD
PANalytical
Used for small-angle X-ray scattering to assess size distribution and nanostructure.
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GO
98% purity
Sigma Aldrich
Used as a carbon-based material to enhance charge transfer and photocatalytic efficiency in the nanocomposite.
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ZnO
10–30 nm
Sigma Aldrich
Semiconductor base material for the photocatalyst, providing photocatalytic properties.
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Copper nitrate
CuNO3.5H2O
Merck
Source of Cu doping to narrow the band gap and improve photocatalytic activity.
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Hydrazine monohydrate
N2H4
Sigma Aldrich
Reducing agent to produce rGO from GO and facilitate chemical bond formation.
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Methylene blue
C16H18ClN3S
Merck
Organic dye used to evaluate photocatalytic degradation efficiency.
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Ethanol
C2H5OH
Merck
Solvent used in the synthesis and photocatalytic experiments.
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Sodium hydroxide
NaOH
Merck
Used for pH adjustment during synthesis.
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Ultra-Turrax dispersing machine
Used for mixing and dispersing suspensions during synthesis.
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Ultrasound device
Used to obtain homogeneous solutions during synthesis.
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Autoclave
Used for hydrothermal treatment at 170°C for 12 hours.
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Oven
Used to dry the synthesized catalyst at 50°C overnight.
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FE-SEM
Used to study the morphology and particle size of the catalyst.
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TEM
Used to investigate the morphology and crystallinity of the catalyst.
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EDX
Used for energy dispersive X-ray analysis to confirm chemical composition.
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FTIR
Used to record FT-IR spectra for chemical bond characterization.
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Raman spectroscopy
Used to ensure reduction of GO and study crystal structures.
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DRS
Used for diffuse reflection spectroscopy to study band gap.
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UV-vis spectrophotometer
Used to measure absorbance of MB at 664nm for degradation analysis.
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