1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study used a facile solvothermal synthesis method to combine carbon-dots (CDs) and hemin, leveraging fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to enhance photo-thermal and photo-dynamic properties. Methods included solvothermal reactions, dialysis for purification, and various characterization techniques.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Samples included CDs synthesized from citric acid and urea, and HCDs NPs synthesized from CDs and hemin. Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells were used for in vitro experiments.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included Via-Reflex laser confocal Raman spectroscopy, Shimadzu UV-1800 spectrophotometer, NEXUS-870 FTIR spectrometer, DX-2700 X-ray diffractometer, Fluke Ti32 infrared thermography camera, TEM (JEM 100SX), FE-SEM (SU 1510), Malvern zetasizer nano, and an inverted fluorescence microscopy. Materials included citric acid, urea, hemin, DMSO, DPBF, MTT, DCFH-DA, DMEM, Hoechst 33342, PI, PBS, FBS, and others from suppliers like Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC, Macklin Inc., and Sangon Biotech Inc.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

CDs were prepared by heating citric acid and urea in water at 150°C for 5 h, followed by dialysis and freeze-drying. HCDs NPs were prepared by mixing CDs and hemin in DMSO, heating at 160°C for 6 h, and dialyzing against NaOH and water. Characterization involved TEM, SEM, FT-IR, Raman, UV-Vis, fluorescence spectra, DLS, zeta potential measurements, photo-thermal effects under 650 nm laser, photo-dynamic effects using DPBF assay, MTT assay for cytotoxicity, intracellular ROS determination with DCFH-DA, and fluorescent imaging with Hoechst 33342 and PI.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data were analyzed using instruments' built-in software for spectral and imaging analysis, with statistical evaluation of cell viability and ROS generation.