研究目的
To investigate novel Pt(II)-based photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) which might have fewer side effects and a different mechanism of action to circumvent resistance to Pt(II) chemotherapeutics, as well as the disadvantages of the current organic PDT agents.
研究成果
The synthesized Pt(II) Schiff base complexes exhibit strong visible light absorption, intense phosphorescence, and high singlet oxygen generation, making them effective photosensitizers for PDT. They are non-toxic in the dark but show potent photocytotoxicity upon green light irradiation, targeting mitochondria and lysosomes instead of the nucleus, which could overcome resistance mechanisms of traditional Pt drugs. These complexes hold promise as theranostic agents for anticancer therapy.
研究不足
The study is limited to in vitro assays with A549 lung cancer cells; in vivo efficacy and toxicity are not evaluated. The complexes showed weak intracellular phosphorescence for some derivatives (e.g., Pt7-Pt9), which may limit imaging applications. Potential optimization areas include improving solubility, enhancing phosphorescence intensity in cellular environments, and extending studies to other cancer cell lines and animal models.
1:Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study involved synthesizing nine Pt(II) Schiff base complexes (Pt1-Pt9) with varying substituents to investigate structure-activity relationships. Methods included synthesis, characterization (NMR, UV-Vis, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, X-ray crystallography), photophysical and photochemical property measurements (phosphorescence spectroscopy, singlet oxygen quantum yield determination, cyclic voltammetry), and biological assays (cell culture, cytotoxicity, cellular imaging).
2:Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Samples included synthesized Pt(II) complexes and ligands, A549 human lung cancer cells from ECACC, and commercial reagents. Data were obtained from instrumental analyses and cell-based assays.
3:List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Equipment included Xcalibur Gemini diffractometer, CH Instrument model 600D Electrochemical Analyzer, Bruker DPX 300/400 NMR spectrometers, Cary 300 UV-vis spectrophotometer, JASCO FP-6500 spectrofluorometer, Fluorolog spectrofluorometer, GloMax-Multi Microplate Multimode Reader, LSM 710 confocal microscope. Materials included solvents, buffer components, K2PtCl4, sodium acetate, organelle dyes (MitoTracker, LysoTracker, Hoechst 33342), and cell culture reagents.
4:Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
Synthesis of ligands and complexes via condensation and coordination reactions. Characterization using NMR, UV-Vis, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and X-ray crystallography. Photophysical measurements (absorption, emission, quantum yields, lifetimes) in various solvents. Electrochemical studies via cyclic voltammetry. Singlet oxygen generation assays using RNO/imidazole method. Cell culture maintenance, cytotoxicity assays (dark and light conditions), and confocal microscopy for cellular localization.
5:Data Analysis Methods:
Data were processed using software like MestReC, TOPSPIN, UV Winlab, OriginPro 2016. Statistical analysis for IC50 values, and comparison with standards for quantum yields and electrochemical potentials.
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Electrochemical Analyzer
CH Instrument model 600D
CH Instrument
Used for cyclic voltammetry experiments to study electrochemical properties of Pt1-Pt9.
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NMR spectrometer
Bruker DPX 300, Bruker DPX 400
Bruker
Used for 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy to characterize ligands and complexes.
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UV-vis spectrophotometer
Cary 300
Cary
Used for electronic absorption spectra measurements of Pt1-Pt9.
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Spectrofluorometer
JASCO FP-6500
JASCO
Used for phosphorescence emission measurements of Pt1-Pt9.
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Mass spectrometer
Bruker Esquire 2000
Bruker
Used for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to characterize ligands and complexes.
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Confocal microscope
LSM 710
Carl Zeiss
Used for cellular imaging to track localization of Pt1-Pt9 in A549 cells.
ZEISS LSM 990 Spectral Multiplex
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Incubator
Thermo
Thermo
Used for cell culture maintenance and assays under controlled conditions.
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Sulforhodamine B
SRB
Sigma-Aldrich
Used in cytotoxicity assays to determine cell viability.
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Xcalibur Gemini diffractometer
Xcalibur Gemini
Not specified
Used for X-ray crystallography to determine the crystal structures of complexes Pt5 and Pt9.
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Elemental analyzer
CE-440
Not specified
Used for CHN elemental analysis of synthesized complexes.
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Spectrofluorometer
Fluorolog
Horiba Jobin Yvon
Used for phosphorescence quantum yield and lifetime measurements.
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Microplate reader
GloMax-Multi Microplate Multimode Reader
Not specified
Used for cytotoxicity determination via sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay.
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MitoTracker deep red FM
MTR
Life Technologies
Used as a mitochondrial staining dye in cellular localization assays.
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LysoTracker green
LTG
Life Technologies
Used as a lysosomal staining dye in cellular localization assays.
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Hoechst 33342
Hoechst 33342
Not specified
Used as a nuclear staining dye in cellular localization assays.
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