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Mechanofluorochromism based on BOPIM complexes: The effect of substituents and regulation of the direction of the emission color changes

DOI:10.1016/j.dyepig.2019.04.001 期刊:Dyes and Pigments 出版年份:2019 更新时间:2025-11-14 15:26:12
摘要: Novel boron 2-(2′-pyridyl)imidazole (BOPIM) complexes T1, T2 and T3 with different substituents (including bromo, tert-butyl and methoxyl) on the benzene ring of BOPIM dyes have been designed and synthesized, and their optical properties in both solution and the solid state were investigated and compared. The three compounds exhibited typical intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) characteristics. Solvent-dependent UV-vis absorption, fluorescence emission spectra and quantum chemical calculation indicated a molecular push-pull electronic structure. Their ICT degrees increased with the sequence of T1 < T2 < T3. The analysis of the X-ray crystal structure revealed the twisted molecular conformation of BOPIM dyes. Furthermore, they showed remarkable reversible mechanofluorochromic (MFC) features under mechanical force. It was found that the MFC activities could be tuned easily by changing the substituents on the BOPIM dyes. T1 exhibited emission color change from bright green to yellowish green with a spectral red-shift of only 22 nm under mechanical stimuli, whereas T2 and T3 gave the large spectral red-shifts of 36 and 30 nm. Electronic and steric effects of the substitutes were proved playing significant roles in regulating the ICT effect and intermolecular interactions. More importantly, the remarkable effect of substituents on the MFC behaviors of BOPIM dyes will provide an effective way to obtain novel high-contrast MFC dyes.
作者: Yong Zhan,Xin Wang,Yunhan Wang,Yongnan Xu
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Investigating the effect of different substituents on the benzene ring of BOPIM dyes on their optical properties and mechanofluorochromic behaviors.

The study successfully demonstrated that substituents on BOPIM dyes significantly influence their optical properties and mechanofluorochromic behaviors. Compounds T1, T2, and T3 exhibited reversible MFC with spectral shifts dependent on electronic and steric effects of substituents. T2 showed the highest MFC activity due to steric hindrance from tert-butyl groups. The non-planar conformation and weak intermolecular interactions facilitated MFC. These findings provide a strategy for designing high-contrast MFC materials for applications in optical recording and data security.

The study focused on only three substituents (bromo, tert-butyl, methoxyl), limiting the generalizability to other substituents. Single crystal structure was only obtained for T1, not for T2 and T3, which may restrict full structural understanding. The MFC behaviors were tested under specific conditions (grinding and DCM fuming), and other stimuli or environments were not explored. The reversibility was dependent on solvent fuming, and thermal annealing did not restore original states, indicating limitations in recovery methods.

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