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Macroscopic Nonuniformities in Metal Grids Formed by Cracked Film Lithography Result in 19.3%-Efficient Solar Cells
摘要： Cracked film lithography (CFL) is an emerging method for patterning transparent conductive metal grids. CFL can be vacuum- and Ag-free, and it forms more durable grids than nanowire approaches. In spite of CFL’s promising transmittance/grid sheet resistance/wire spacing tradeoffs, previous solar cell demonstrations have had relatively low performance. This work introduces macroscopic nonuniformities in the grids to improve the short-circuit current density/fill factor tradeoff in small area Cu(In,Ga)Se2 cells. The performance of optimized baseline grids is matched by CFL grids with microscopic openings and macroscopic patterns, culminating in a 19.3%-efficient cell. Simulations show that uniform CFL grids are enhanced by patterning because it leads to better balance among shadowing, grid resistance and transparent conductive oxide resistance losses. Thin-film module efficiency calculations are performed to highlight the performance gains that metal grids can enable by eliminating the transparent conductive oxide losses and widening monoliths. Adding the patterned CFL grids demonstrated in this work to CIGS modules is predicted to reach 0.7% higher efficiency (absolute) than screen-printed grids.
关键词： transparent conductive,solar cell,lithography,photovoltaics,metal grid
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Engineering of Electron Extraction and Defects Passivation via Anion Doped Conductive Fullerene Derivatives as Interlayers for Efficient Invert Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： The major limitation of organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells performance is the existence of numerous charged defects at the absorption layer surface, which caused charge carrier recombine depravation. These defects have remarkable influence on the charge extraction, which further caused the instability of device and induce severe hysteresis. Here, three low-cost anion-doping conductive fullerene derivatives, fullerene bis(phenethyl alcohol) malonate (FMPE-I), fullerene bis(ethylenediamine) malonamide (FEDA-I), and fullerene bis(propanediamine) malonamide (FPDA-I), are developed for the first time as interfacial layers between a perovskite and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) in planar invert perovskite solar cells under mild solution fabrication. The constituent Lewis basic halides and the specific amide groups of conductive fullerene derivatives efficaciously heighten the chemical interaction between the perovskite and conductive fullerene derivatives since the iodide can combine with under-coordinated Pb2+ by electrostatic interaction and amide group can facilely combined with I by hydrogen bonding, improving the dual-passivation of perovskite defects. Moreover, due to the well-matched energy level of conductive fullerene derivatives and the high conductivity of the perovskite/interlayer film, the electron extraction capacity can be effectively enhanced. Consequently, superior optoelectronic properties are achieved with an improved power conversion efficiency of 17.63%, which is considerably higher than that of the bare PCBM based devices (14.96%), for the perovskite device with conductive interlayer treatment along with a negligible hysteresis. Moreover, hydrophobic conductive fullerene derivatives improve the resistance of device to moisture. The conductive fullerene derivative-based devices without encapsulation are maintained at 85% of the pristine power conversion efficiency value after storage in ambient conditions (25 oC temperature, 60% humidity) for 500h.
关键词： dual-passivation,energy level alignment,perovskite solar cells,Conductive fullerene derivatives,interface engineering
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Growth Temperature and Electrochemical Performance in Vapor-Deposited Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Thin Films for High-Rate Electrochemical Energy Storage
摘要： Poly(ethylene 3,4-dioxythiophene (PEDOT) ?lms synthesized by oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) display strong electrochemical activity in the region from 2 to 4.2 V vs Li/Li+. By contrast, the more commonly studied PEDOT:polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) ?lms have negligible electrochemical activity in this region. For the oCVD ?lms, its small dopant anions (Cl?) that can easily enter and exit the polymer structure allow exchange with the Li+ counterion in solution, while for PEDOT:PSS, the poly(styrenesulfonate) dopant is a large macromolecule having substantially lower mobility. Here, we seek to elucidate the relationship between the structural characteristics of oCVD PEDOT thin ?lms and their electrochemical properties, particularly in Li-ion electrolyte systems. Speci?cally, we seek to rationally design the thin-?lm properties of oCVD PEDOT for high-rate performance and cycle life by varying the ?lm growth temperature. We observe that the dominant e?ect of increasing growth temperature is an in situ reorganization to an edge-on ?lm texture. In this case, the π?π stack is perpendicular to the substrate surface. The alternative dominant texture is face-on dominance, where the π?π stack is parallel to the substrate surface. For the ?rst time, we show that edge-on dominant ?lms provide higher speci?c capacities for a given charge/discharge rate. Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy demonstrates that edge-on dominant ?lms are less susceptible to oxidative damage after long-term cycling. This also enables edge-on dominant ?lms to maintain lower charge-transfer resistances compared to identically cycled face-on ?lms. Edge-on oCVD PEDOT is paired with molybdenum disul?de to demonstrate thick, optimized oCVD PEDOT thin ?lms in asymmetric devices for high-rate electrochemical energy storage.
关键词： electrochemical doping,oCVD,electrochemical energy storage,PEDOT,high-rate performance,conductive polymer
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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High-Resolution, High-Aspect-Ratio Printed and Plated Metal Conductors Utilizing Roll-to-Roll Microscale UV Imprinting with Prototype Imprinting Stamps
摘要： Micron-scale, high-aspect-ratio features were imprinted by a roll-to-roll process into a UV-curable polymer and used to create high-current-carrying conductive networks on plastic substrates. A stamp fabrication method was developed to create low-cost, rapidly produced roll-to-roll imprinting stamps, which can mold features from 3 μm to 1 mm wide. Isolated raised features 50 μm high were molded from a 25-μm-thick layer of UV-curable resin by displacing resin into raised features in the stamp. Substrates with imprinted capillary channels were used to form electrical conductors by printing a silver ink into reservoirs connected to the channels and allowing capillary flow to coat the channel. Copper electroless plating then filled the channels. The conductors demonstrate high resolution, high aspect ratio (～5:1 height:width), low resistance per length, and easy integration into networks. This roll-to-roll imprinting process provides a foundation for high-throughput manufacturing of high-resolution printed electronics.
关键词： high-aspect-ratio,conductive networks,roll-to-roll imprinting,UV-curable polymer,printed electronics
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Transferred PMN-PT Thick Film on Conductive Silver Epoxy
摘要： Approximately 25 μm Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) thick ?lm was synthesized based on a sol-gel/composite route. The obtained PMN-PT thick ?lm was successfully transferred from the Silicon substrate to the conductive silver epoxy using a novel wet chemical method. The mechanism of this damage free transfer was explored and analyzed. Compared with the ?lm on Silicon substrate, the transferred one exhibited superior dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties. These promising results indicate that transferred PMN-PT thick ?lm possesses the capability for piezoelectric device application, especially for ultrasound transducer fabrication. Most importantly, this chemical route opens a new path for transfer of thick ?lm.
关键词： piezoelectric thick ?lm,conductive epoxy,transfer,PMN-PT
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Intrinsic elastic conductors with internal buckled electron pathway for flexible electromagnetic interference shielding and tumor ablation; ??·???è¤???±?ˉ???μè·ˉ?????????????????1??§?ˉ??????¨?o??????§??μ?￡??±?è?????è????¤???è??;
摘要： The elastic conductor is crucial in wearable electronics and soft robotics. The ideal intrinsic elastic bulk conductors show uniform three-dimensional conductive networks and stable resistance during large stretch. A challenge is that the variation of resistance is high under deformation due to disconnection of conductive pathway for bulk elastic conductors. Our strategy is to introduce buckled structure into the conductive network, by self-assembly of a carbon nanotube layer on the interconnecting micropore surface of a pre-strained foam, followed by strain relaxation. Both unfolding of buckles and flattening of micropores contributed to the stability of the resistance under deformation (2.0% resistance variation under 70% strain). Microstructural analysis and finite element analysis illustrated different patterns of two-dimensional buckling structures could be obtained due to the imperfections in the conductive layer. Applications as all-directional interconnects, stretchable electromagnetic interference shielding and electrothermal tumor ablation were demonstrated.
关键词： buckled structure,electrothermal tumor ablation,intrinsic elastic conductor,three-dimensional conductive network,electromagnetic interference shielding
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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A photovoltaic textile design with a stainless steel mesh fabric
摘要： Solar energy is one of the most popular energy sources among the other renewable energies. Photovoltaic technology is a clean way to generate electricity from sunlight. Flexible photovoltaics enable portable electronic devices to power at off-grid conditions. Stainless steel mesh fabric was used as a substrate and electrode allowing the light to reach the photoactive layer. The photoactive layer and hole transport layer were deposited by the means of dip-coating like in the textile industry. The metal back electrode was evaporated in a thermal evaporator under vacuum. Promising results were obtained from photovoltaic measurements. About 0.69% power conversion efficiency was obtained from textile-based solar cells in this study. The textile-based metal fabric enables a flexible photovoltaic structure that can be integrated on non-planar surfaces to generate electricity, and also mesh structure allows the light to reach the photoactive layer.
关键词： solar textiles,conductive fabric,flexible photovoltaics,organic photovoltaics,Wearable electronics
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Novel conductive multi-walled polymeric nanotubes of poly(diazoaminobenzene) for single-layer polymer solar cell
摘要： Novel conductive multi-walled polymeric nanotubes (MWPNTs) of poly(diazoaminobenzene) (PDAAB) were synthesized using diazoaminobenzene monomer for the first time in this report. The synthesis followed a one-pot, cost-effective, green and template-free procedure, in which aniline was used as initiator with 87% yield at room temperature. PDAAB was characterized with spectroscopic and microscopic methods such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), UV-vis, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) as well as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and conductivity measurements. In addition, MWPNTs were used in the design of a novel single-layer polymer solar cell. PDAAB was sandwiched between TiO2 nanoparticle-modified fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode and an aluminum electrode (FTO-TiO2│PDAAB│Al), as anode and cathode, respectively. Finally, various physical characteristics of the single-layer polymer solar cell were determined under simulated solar irradiation. Our proof-of-concept study demonstrated that MWPNTs provided a promising platform to develop polymer-based solar energy conversion and storage systems.
关键词： multi-walled polymeric nanotube,aniline,conductive polymers,Poly(diazoaminobenzene),solar cell
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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All-carbon THz components based on laser-treated diamond
摘要： We report on fs laser structuring and graphitization of diamond and experimental characterization of its THz response. A full characterization of graphitized, conductive layer generated by laser irradiation is carried out by performing scanning-electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and electrical measurements. The transmittance of the laser textured diamond samples, both with the graphitic overlayer and after selective oxidizing etching, is analyzed in the (0.25 ÷ 6.0) THz spectral range. A significant selective absorption of the graphitized overlayer towards polarized THz radiation is demonstrated, which is associated to the formation of graphitic laser induced periodic surface structures. This anisotropy allows conceiving compact passive metasurfaces based on conductive/dielectric patterns on the diamond plate surface for the development of robust, lightweight and broadband THz optical components.
关键词： graphitic laser induced periodic surface structures,graphitization,electrical measurements,fs laser structuring,THz response,transmittance,THz optical components,polarized THz radiation,conductive layer,diamond,Raman spectroscopy,metasurfaces
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Development of enhanced multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) conductive polymeric nanocomposites by using acidified derivative of MWCNT as dispersant
摘要： The agglomeration of pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) within a polymer matrix has largely limited the efficient conductive reinforcement of MWCNTs-based polymeric nanocomposites. In this paper, the pristine MWCNTs realized well-dispersed with the assistance of nitric acid acidified MWCNTs. The as-prepared hybrid MWCNTs were used to prepare hybrid MWCNTs buckypaper and hybrid MWCNTs/polyvinyl butyral (PVB) nanocomposites. The hybrid MWCNTs dispersion maintained good dispersing stability over 3 months. The fabrication of hybrid MWCNTs buckypaper shows that the intrinsic conductivity of the hybrid MWCNTs is 25.1 ± 0.2 S/cm, higher than the pristine ones of 23.3 ± 0.2 S/cm. The SEM images of hybrid MWCNTs/PVB nanocomposites show that hybrid MWCNTs are distributed homogenously in the PVB matrix. The conductive performance of nanocomposites is significantly enhanced with a low percolation of 0.44 ± 0.05 wt. % and a high critical exponent of 3.57.
关键词： MWCNTs,conductive reinforcement,multiwalled carbon nanotubes,dispersant,polymeric nanocomposites
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57