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Remote Sensing-Based Proxies for Urban Disaster Risk Management and Resilience: A Review
摘要： Rapid increase in population and growing concentration of capital in urban areas has escalated both the severity and longer-term impact of natural disasters. As a result, Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and reduction have been gaining increasing importance for urban areas. Remote sensing plays a key role in providing information for urban DRM analysis due to its agile data acquisition, synoptic perspective, growing range of data types, and instrument sophistication, as well as low cost. As a consequence numerous methods have been developed to extract information for various phases of DRM analysis. However, given the diverse information needs, only few of the parameters of interest are extracted directly, while the majority have to be elicited indirectly using proxies. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the proxies developed for two risk elements typically associated with pre-disaster situations (vulnerability and resilience), and two post-disaster elements (damage and recovery), while focusing on urban DRM. The proxies were reviewed in the context of four main environments and their corresponding sub-categories: built-up (buildings, transport, and others), economic (macro, regional and urban economics, and logistics), social (services and infrastructures, and socio-economic status), and natural. All environments and the corresponding proxies are discussed and analyzed in terms of their reliability and sufficiency in comprehensively addressing the selected DRM assessments. We highlight strength and identify gaps and limitations in current proxies, including inconsistencies in terminology for indirect measurements. We present a systematic overview for each group of the reviewed proxies that could simplify cross-fertilization across different DRM domains and may assist the further development of methods. While systemizing examples from the wider remote sensing domain and insights from social and economic sciences, we suggest a direction for developing new proxies, also potentially suitable for capturing functional recovery.
关键词： damage,urban DRM,vulnerability,proxy,indirect measurement,social,resilience,remote sensing,recovery,economic
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Connexin43 Mimetic Peptide Improves Retinal Function and Reduces Inflammation in a Light-Damaged Albino Rat Model
摘要： PURPOSE. Drugs that regulate connexin43 (Cx43) gap junction channels can reduce the spread of injury and improve functional outcomes after nervous system trauma. In the eye, Cx43 expression increases in the choroid following light damage. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Cx43 hemichannel block could preserve retinal function postinjury. METHODS. Light damage was induced by exposure of adult albino Sprague-Dawley rats to 2700 Lux light for 24 hours. Intravitreal injections of a Cx43 mimetic peptide hemichannel blocker, Peptide5, or sham were administered 2 hours after the onset and at the end of the light damage period. Retinal function was assessed by electroretinogram and inflammatory responses in the choroid and retina were assessed using immunohistochemistry (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 [Iba-1], leukocyte common antigen [CD45], glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP]). RESULTS. Light-damaged rat eyes had (1) reduced neuronal responses in both the rod and cone pathways and (2) marked inflammatory responses in the choroid and retina. Peptide5 significantly preserved function of photoreceptoral and postphotoreceptoral neurons in these animals. This was evident 24 hours after injury and 2 weeks later, as shown by improved mixed a-wave and mixed b-wave amplitudes, isolated rod PII and PIII amplitudes, and cone PII responses when compared with sham-treated controls. Retinal thinning and inflammation were also significantly reduced in Peptide5-treated eyes when compared with sham-treated controls. CONCLUSIONS. Blocking Cx43 hemichannels after light damage can significantly improve functional outcomes of neurons in both the rod and cone photo-transduction pathways in the light-damaged animal model, likely by reducing choroid inflammation and suppressing the glial-mediated inflammatory response. These data may have relevance for the treatment of conditions such as diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration.
关键词： retina,choroid,light damage,inflammation,connexin43,electroretinogram
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Materials Science and Technology of Optical Fabrication || Surface Quality
摘要： The terms “surface quality” and “subsurface mechanical damage” (SSD) are often loosely used. Here we define surface quality as a measure of the level of perfection a workpiece surface exhibits after finishing and cleaning. A perfect surface is defined as a surface free of mechanical, structural, and chemical modification relative to bulk. Note surface quality does not include surface roughness, which is treated separately in Chapter 4. In practice, there is no such thing as a perfect surface, because a variety of microscopic and molecular surface modifications may occur on or just below the surface of the workpiece. As illustrated in Figure 3.1, surface modifications include the following: ? Subsurface mechanical interactions (SSD), which may lead to fracturing, plastic flow, or densification at the surface. ? Foreign particles or residue that may be deposited on the surface as particles land or precipitate during drying. ? Chemical and structural interactions that may result from changes in surface molecular moieties or by altering the near-subsurface (Beilby) layer. These factors affecting surface quality may vary significantly in scale length, from tens of μm to Angstrom level.
关键词： etching,Beilby layer,subsurface mechanical damage,SSD,polishing,grinding,surface quality
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Granular lesions of short-wavelength and near-infrared autofluorescence in diabetic macular oedema
摘要： Objectives To document and characterise hyper- and hypo-re?ective lesions, which we describe as ‘granular’ on short-wavelength auto?uorescence (SW-AF) and near-infrared (NIR)-AF images in diabetic macular oedema (DMO). Methods Consecutive 103 eyes of 78 patients suffering from centre-involving DMO were reviewed retrospectively. Mosaics of hyper- and hypo-?uorescent dots on both SW-AF and NIR-AF signals were delineated and de?ned as granular lesions in the macula. We evaluated the association of such lesions with the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity (logMAR VA) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images. Results Diffuse mosaics of hyper- and hypo-?uorescent dots were delineated in 36 and 45 eyes on SW-AF and NIR-AF images, respectively, and both AF images de?ned granular lesions in 33 eyes. These lesions were delineated in both the fovea and extrafoveal areas on NIR-AF images but were limited to the parafoveal and perifoveal sub?elds on SW-AF images. There was a signi?cant difference in logMAR VA between eyes with and without granular lesions (0.358 ± 0.269 vs. 0.185 ± 0.234; P = 0.001). Granular lesions were associated with the mosaic pattern on NIR-AF images (P < 0.001) but not with other parameters on SW-AF and NIR-AF images. The retinal thickness in the central sub?eld was greater in eyes with granular lesions (538.0 ± 163.6 μm vs. 448.8 ± 120.2 μm; P = 0.003). Granular lesions were associated with ELM disruption and hyper-re?ective foci in the outer retinal layers (P = 0.004 and P = 0.037, respectively). Conclusions Granular lesions de?ned on both SW-AF and NIR-AF images were related to retinal oedema with photoreceptor damage and concomitant VA reduction in DMO.
关键词： diabetic macular oedema,photoreceptor damage,near-infrared auto?uorescence,granular lesions,short-wavelength auto?uorescence
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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SmartPatch: A Self-Powered and Patchable Cumulative UV Irradiance Meter
摘要： Ultraviolet (UV) irradiance affects human bodies both positively and negatively. We introduce SmartPatch, a self-powered, small-form-factor, light-weight, low-cost, and a patch-type UV meter, that provides a scienti?c measure of UV irradiation on a particular skin area. It is powered by a tiny PV (photovoltaic) cell without a battery and a power converter and performs UI (user interface) without a physical switch.
关键词： UV irradiance meter,Ultraviolet,dynamic power management,skin damage
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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[IEEE 2018 International Semiconductor Conference (CAS) - Sinaia, Romania (2018.10.10-2018.10.12)] 2018 International Semiconductor Conference (CAS) - Numerical Simulations of Radiation Damage Effects in Active-Edge Silicon Pixel Sensors for High-Energy Physics Experiments
摘要： High-energy physics experiments at the future CERN High Luminosity LHC (Large Hadron Collider) require highly segmented pixelated sensors of increased geometrical efficiency and the ability of withstanding extremely high radiation damage. The performance of planar n-on-p sensors with active edges is simulated at very high fluences (2×1016 neq/cm2), using a recent three level trap model for p-type silicon material. Precise structural definition is achieved by investigating the doping pro(cid:191)le of the devices via the Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry technique. The breakdown voltage, and hole density distribution are studied as a function of radiation fluences.
关键词： TCAD simulation,radiation damage,Active edge sensor
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Ceramide and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate/Sphingosine act as Photodynamic Therapy-Elicited Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns: Release from Cells and Impact on Tumor-Associated Macrophages
摘要： A recent finding showed that ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) become exposed on the surface of cells treated by photodynamic therapy (PDT) and acquire the capacity to act as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). To explore this further, the present study examined whether ceramide and S1P can be released from PDT-treated cells and investigated changes in the levels of these sphingolipids in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) left in contact with PDT-treated tumor cells. Mass spectroscopy-based analysis detected increased levels of C16-ceramide and dihydroC16-ceramide in media supernatants from SCCVII cells collected three hours after they were treated by PDT, compared to untreated cell supernatants. While no release of S1P was detected, elevated levels of its precursor sphingosine were found in the supernatants of PDT-treated cells. The co-incubation of TAMs-containing primary cultures derived from mouse SCCVII tumors with PDT-treated SCCVII cells was followed by ceramide and S1P analysis in these cells based on staining with specific antibodies and flow cytometry. Levels of both ceramide and S1P as well as inflammasome protein NLRP3 were found to rise in TAMs when they were co-cultured with PDT-treated SCCVII cells, while no significant change was seen with cancer cells. Such changes were induced also in TAMs incubated with supernatants from PDT-treated cells. The findings of the present study affirm the potential of sphingolipids including ceramide, S1P, and sphingosine to act, either exposed on cell surface or released in the microenvironment, as DAMPs in the response of tumors to PDT.
关键词： Sphingosine,Photodynamic therapy,Sphingolipid metabolism-modulating drugs (SMMDs),Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs),Ceramide,Sphingosine-1-phosphate
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Ba10Zn7M6Q26: Two New Mid-infrared Nonlinear Optical Crystals with T2 Supertetrahedron 3D Framework
摘要： Two new mid-infrared (MIR) nonlinear optical (NLO) chalcogenide crystals, Ba10Zn7In6S26, 1 and Ba10Zn7Ga6Se26, 2 are discovered by traditional solid state reactions. 1 and 2 are isostructural and they represent a novel three-dimensional (3D) framework made by apexe-sharing T2 supertetrahedron 2D layers that are stacked alternately by another kind of T2 supertetrahedra though sharing apexes along the c direction, with T1 tetrahedra inserting in the tunnels and Ba2+ cations locating both in the voids and tunnels. Among them, 1 shows attractive MIR NLO properties of a wide band gap of 3.0 eV, a strong second harmonic generation (SHG) signal about 4.1 times that of the commercial AgGaS2 at particle sizes of 30–46 μm under a 2.05 μm laser radiation, and a high LDT of 37.2 times that of benchmark AgGaS2 at particle sizes of 150–210 μm under a 1.064 μm laser radiation. This distinguishes 1 as a new promising MIR NLO material. In addition, the density functional theory (DFT) analyses suggest that the SHG response of 1 comes mainly from the electronic transitions from S 3p to Ba 5d, Zn 4s, Zn 3d, In 5s, In 5p states.
关键词： chalcogenide,mid-infrared,second harmonic generation,laser damage threshold,nonlinear optical,supertetrahedron
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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[IEEE 2018 IEEE Research and Applications of Photonics In Defense Conference (RAPID) - Miramar Beach, FL (2018.8.22-2018.8.24)] 2018 IEEE Research and Applications of Photonics In Defense Conference (RAPID) - Electrical and Structural Characterization of Si Implanted Homoepitaxially Grown AlN
摘要： AlN is an attractive material for UV optoelectronics and high-power device applications; however, obtaining high n-type conductivity is still a challenge. Ion implantation may provide an avenue to realize electrical conductivities suitable for device operation. A novel annealing procedure to recover lattice damage is presented.
关键词： damage and recovery,annealing,ion implantation
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Dose and Single Event Effects on a Color CMOS Camera for Space Exploration
摘要： This paper focuses on the radiation-induced dose and single event effects on a color CMOS camera designed for space missions. Gamma-ray and protons are used to evaluate the tolerance against cumulative dose effects. The dark current of the image sensor is the main parameter impacted by dose effects. Heavy ions testing is performed to evaluate single event effects. SEU, SEFI and SEL have been observed and mitigation techniques were proposed for specific space missions.
关键词： Total Ionizing Dose (TID),Microlens,CMOS Image Sensor (CIS),Single Event Effects (SEE),Displacement Damage Dose (DDD),Pinned Photodiode (PPD),Active Pixel Sensor (APS),Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS),Camera,Color filter,Random Telegraph Signal (RTS)
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14