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Effect of PVP-Capped ZnO Nanoparticles with Enhanced Charge Transport on the Performance of P3HT/PCBM Polymer Solar Cells
摘要： We attempted surface modification in ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by the sol–gel process with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) applied to bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cells (PSCs) as an electron transport layer (ETL). In general, ZnO NPs have trap sites due to oxygen vacancies which capture electrons and degrade the performance of the PSCs. Devices with six different PVP:Zn ratios (0.615 g, 1.230 g, 1.846 g, 2.460 g, 3.075 g, and 3.690 g) were fabricated for surface modification, and the optimized PVP:Zn ratio (2.460 g) was found for PSCs based on P3HT/PCBM. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the fabricated PSCs with PVP-capped ZnO exhibited a significant increase of approximately 21% in PCE and excellent air-stability as compared with the uncapped ZnO-based PSCs.
关键词： ZnO,polymer solar cells,PVP,surface modulation,oxygen,bulk-heterojunction,polyvinyl pyrrolidone
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Impact of Donor–Acceptor Interaction and Solvent Additive on the Vertical Composition Distribution of Bulk-Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells
摘要： The vertical composition distribution of bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) photoactive layer is known to have dramatic effects on photovoltaic performance in polymer solar cells. However, the vertical composition distribution evolution rules of BHJ films are still elusive. In this contribution, three BHJ film systems, composed of polymer donor PBDB-T and three different classes of acceptor –fullerene acceptor PCBM, small molecule acceptor ITIC, and polymer acceptor N2200 –are systematically investigated using neutron reflectometry to examine how donor–acceptor interaction and solvent additive impact the vertical composition distribution. Our results show that those three BHJ films possess homogeneous vertical composition distributions across the bulk of the film. While very different composition accumulations near the top and bottom surface were observed which could be attributed to different repulsion, miscibility, and phase separation between the donor and acceptor components as approved by the measurement of donor–acceptor Flory–Huggins interaction parameter χ. Moreover, the solvent additive 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) can induce more distinct vertical composition distribution especially in non-fullerene acceptor based BHJ films. Thus, higher power conversion efficiencies were achieved in inverted solar cells because of facilitated charge transport in active layer, improved carrier collection at electrodes, suppressed charge recombination in BHJ solar cells.
关键词： Flory–Huggins Interaction Parameter χ,Bulk-Heterojunction,Neutron Reflectometry,Polymer Solar Cells,Vertical Composition Distribution
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Improved Morphology and Interfacial Contact of PBDB-T:N2200-Based All-Polymer Solar Cells by Using the Solvent Additive p-anisaldehyde
摘要： All-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) have been intensively investigated due to their excellent thermal and mechanical stabilities. However, the efficiency of all-PSCs is still far behind that of organic solar cells (OSCs), which are based on small molecule acceptors. Improving the efficiency of all-PSCs is of great urgency. In this work, the solvent additive named p-anisaldehyde (AA) was introduced to improve the performance of all-PSCs based on PBDB-T:N2200. It is demonstrated that AA helps to form a better network interpenetrating track and more uniform phase separation. With the assistance of AA, which has both an oleophilic methoxy group and a hydrophilic aldehyde group, the interfacial contact between the donor and the acceptor (D/A) is improved, increasing the contact area at D/A, and promoting efficient exciton dissociation. More importantly, AA acts as a "bridge" between the oleophilic active layer and the hydrophilic PEDOT:PSS layer, improving the interfacial compatibility between the active layer and the PEDOT:PSS layer, reducing the interfacial resistance, and facilitating the carrier transport. Finally, the all-PSCs based on PBDB-T:N2200 exhibits a superior power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.24% which is a record efficiency for the current all-PSCs with the same architecture. In this work, a promising and effective strategy for achieving high efficiency all-PSCs is provided.
关键词： additive,p-anisaldehyde,interfacial compatibility,interfacial contact,all-polymer solar cells
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Quinonoid Zwitterion: an Amphiphilic Cathode Interlayer with Initial Thickness-Insensitive and Self-Organizing Properties for Inverted Polymer Solar Cells
摘要： Orthogonal solvent processability is generally considered one of the key requirements for an efficient interfacial material. Here we showed that in inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs), solvent orthogonality is not required for an effective and reliable cathode interlayer. A quinonoid zwitterionic molecule with amphiphilic property (dissolved in both methanol and o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB)) named ZW-Bu was first applied as the cathode interlayer in the inverted PSCs. For three different photoactive systems, the devices with ZW-Bu CBL exhibited better performance than those with commonly used ZnO CBL. Most importantly, the device efficiency was fairly insensitive to the initial thickness of ZW-Bu. In addition, due to the high surface energy of ZW-Bu film, it was successfully used as self-organized CBL in P3HT:PC61BM system, yielding a desirable efficiency compared to the PSCs fabricated via layer-by-layer deposition method.
关键词： polymer solar cells,non-orthogonal solvent,self-organization,quinonoid zwitterion,initial thickness-insensitivity
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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The role of cation and anion dopant incorporated into a ZnO electron transporting layer for polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells
摘要： Doping is a widely-implemented strategy for enhancing the inherent electronic properties of charge transport layers in photovoltaic devices. A facile solution-processed zinc oxide (ZnO) and various cation and anion-doped ZnO layers were synthesized via the sol–gel method and employed as electron transport layers (ETLs) for inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs). The results indicated that all PSCs with doped ZnO ETLs exhibited better photovoltaic performance compared with the PSCs with a pristine ZnO ETL. By exploring the role of various anion and cation dopants (three compounds with the same Al3+ cation: Al(acac)3, Al(NO3)3, AlCl3 and three compounds with the same Cl? anion: NH4Cl, MgCl2, AlCl3), we found that the work function changed to favor electronic extraction only when the Cl anion was involved. In addition, the conductivity of ZnO was enhanced more with the Al3+ cation. Therefore, in inverted solar cells, doping with Al3+ and Cl? delivered the best power conversion efficiency (PCE). The maximum PCE of 10.38% was achieved from the device with ZnO doped with Al+ and Cl?.
关键词： electron transport layers,Al3+ cation,polymer solar cells,doping,Cl? anion,photovoltaic performance,power conversion efficiency,sol–gel method,zinc oxide
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Regio-regular alternating diketopyrrolopyrrole-based D <sub/>1</sub> –A–D <sub/>2</sub> –A terpolymers for the enhanced performance of polymer solar cells
摘要： We designed and synthesized regio-regular alternating diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based D1–A–D2–A terpolymers (PDPPF2T2DPP-T2, PDPPF2T2DPP-TVT, and PDPPF2T2DPP-DTT) using a primary donor (D1) [3,30-di?uoro-2,20-bithiophene (F2T2)] and a secondary donor (D2) [2,20-bithiophene (T2), (E)-1,2-di(thiophen-2-yl)ethene (TVT), or dithieno[3,2-b:20,30-d]thiophene (DTT)]. A PDPP2DT-F2T2 D–A polymer was synthesized as well to compare optical, electronic, and photovoltaic properties. The absorption peaks of the terpolymers (PDPPF2T2DPP-T2, PDPPF2T2DPP-TVT, and PDPPF2T2DPP-DTT) were longer (lmax ? 801–810 nm) than the peak of the PDPP2DT-F2T2 polymer (lmax ? 799 nm), which is associated with the high-lying HOMO levels of the terpolymers ((cid:2)5.08 to (cid:2)5.13 eV) compared with the level of the PDPP2DT-F2T2 polymer ((cid:2)5.38 eV). The photovoltaic properties of these DPP-based polymers were investigated under simulated AM 1.5G sunlight (100 mW cm(cid:2)2) with a conventional structure (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer:PC71BM/Al). The open-circuit voltages (Voc) of photovoltaic devices containing the terpolymers were slightly lower (0.68–0.70 V) than the Voc of the device containing the PDPP2DT-F2T2 polymer (0.79 V). The short-circuit current (Jsc) of the PDPPF2T2DPP-DTT device was signi?cantly improved (14.14 mA cm(cid:2)2) compared with that of the PDPP2DT-F2T2 device (8.29 mA cm(cid:2)2). As a result, the power conversion e?ciency (PCE) of the PDPPF2T2DPP-DTT device (6.35%) was increased by 33% compared with that of the simple D–A-type PDPP2DT-F2T2 device (4.78%). The highest Jsc and PCE values (the PDPPF2T2DPP-DTT device) were attributed to an optimal nanoscopically mixed morphology and strong interchain packing with a high face-on orientation in the blend ?lm state. The study demonstrated that our strategy of using multiple donors in a regio-regular alternating fashion could ?ne-tune the optical, electronic, and morphological properties of D–A-type polymers, enhancing the performance of polymer solar cells.
关键词： diketopyrrolopyrrole,terpolymers,polymer solar cells,photovoltaic properties,regio-regular
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Overcoming consistency constrains of ITO/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/Ag solar cell by open air annealing and its systematic stability study under inborn conditions
摘要： Focusing on simplicity and industrial viability, polymer solar cells with configuration indium tin oxide (ITO)/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/Ag were fabricated and characterized. Differing from the usual trend of using glove box for polymer device fabrication, here electron transport and active layer of the devices were deposited and stored in open air atmosphere without any encapsulation. Effect of active layer thickness on device performance was analyzed. Choosing the optimum thickness of 220 ± 20 nm, a number of devices were fabricated with same configuration and the effect of annealing on the photovoltaic parameters was investigated. Unlike annealing studies reported in literature, particular emphasis was given here to study the influence of annealing in ambient atmosphere, at temperature of 50 °C, for 30 s. This short period, low temperature annealing enhanced the device parameters mainly short circuit current density and hence efficiency. Lifetime measurements were done by monitoring the device and measuring its J–V parameters periodically for 1 year. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profile analysis was employed to demonstrate that surface modified ZnO effectively hinders the diffusion of indium from ITO to active layer.
关键词： Stability study,ITO/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/Ag,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,Polymer solar cells,Open air annealing
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Recent Progress in Carbon-Based Buffer Layers for Polymer Solar Cells
摘要： Carbon-based materials are promising candidates as charge transport layers in various optoelectronic devices and have been applied to enhance the performance and stability of such devices. In this paper, we provide an overview of the most contemporary strategies that use carbon-based materials including graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, carbon quantum dots, and graphitic carbon nitride as buffer layers in polymer solar cells (PSCs). The crucial parameters that regulate the performance of carbon-based buffer layers are highlighted and discussed in detail. Furthermore, the performances of recently developed carbon-based materials as hole and electron transport layers in PSCs compared with those of commercially available hole/electron transport layers are evaluated. Finally, we elaborate on the remaining challenges and future directions for the development of carbon-based buffer layers to achieve high-efficiency and high-stability PSCs.
关键词： carbon materials,polymer solar cells (PSCs),work function,buffer layer
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Ternary Polymer Solar Cells Facilitating Improved Efficiency and Stability
摘要： The use of a ternary active layer offers a promising approach to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of polymer solar cells (PSCs) via simply incorporating a third component. Here, a ternary PSC with improved efficiency and stability facilitated by a new small molecule IBC-F is demonstrated. Even though the PBDB-T:IBC-F-based device gives an extremely low PCE of only 0.21%, a remarkable PCE of 15.06% can be realized in the ternary device based on PBDB-T:IE4F-S:IBC-F with 20% IBC-F, which is ≈10% greater than that (PCE = 13.70%) of the control binary device based on PBDB-T:IE4F-S. The improvement in the device performance of the ternary PSC is mainly attributed to the enhancement of fill factor, which is due to the improved charge dissociation and extraction, suppressed bimolecular and trap-assisted recombination, longer charge-carrier lifetime, and enhanced intermolecular interactions for preferential face-on orientation. Additionally, the ternary device with 20% IBC-F shows better thermal and photoinduced stability over the control binary device. This work provides a new angle to develop the third components for building ternary PSCs with enhanced photovoltaic performance and stability for practical applications.
关键词： power conversion efficiency,stability,fill factor,ternary polymer solar cells
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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A Narrow-Bandgap n-Type Polymer Semiconductor Enabling Efficient All-Polymer Solar Cells
摘要： Currently, n-type acceptors in high-performance all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) are dominated by imide-functionalized polymers, which typically show medium bandgap. Herein, a novel narrow-bandgap polymer, poly(5,6-dicyano-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-alt-indacenodithiophene) (DCNBT-IDT), based on dicyanobenzothiadiazole without an imide group is reported. The strong electron-withdrawing cyano functionality enables DCNBT-IDT with n-type character and, more importantly, alleviates the steric hindrance associated with typical imide groups. Compared to the benchmark poly(naphthalene diimide-alt-bithiophene) (N2200), DCNBT-IDT shows a narrower bandgap (1.43 eV) with a much higher absorption coefficient (6.15 × 104 cm?1). Such properties are elusive for polymer acceptors to date, eradicating the drawbacks inherited in N2200 and other high-performance polymer acceptors. When blended with a wide-bandgap polymer donor, the DCNBT-IDT-based all-PSCs achieve a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 8.32% with a small energy loss of 0.53 eV and a photoresponse of up to 870 nm. Such efficiency greatly outperforms those of N2200 (6.13%) and the naphthalene diimide (NDI)-based analog NDI-IDT (2.19%). This work breaks the long-standing bottlenecks limiting materials innovation of n-type polymers, which paves a new avenue for developing polymer acceptors with improved optoelectronic properties and heralds a brighter future of all-PSCs.
关键词： polymer acceptors,high absorption coefficient,dicyanobenzothiadiazole,narrow bandgap,all-polymer solar cells
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04