1：Experimental Design and Method Selection

The study involved the synthesis of Au@Ag@Ag2S heterogeneous nanorods and their incorporation into TiO2 photoanodes to enhance the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The methodology included the preparation of Au@Ag heterogeneous NRs, coating them with Ag2S to form Au@Ag@Ag2S NRs, and then doping these NRs into TiO2 photoanodes at different concentrations.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources

The samples used included Au@Ag@Ag2S NRs with different aspect ratios and concentrations doped into TiO2 photoanodes. Data was collected on the photovoltaic performance of the fabricated DSSCs.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials

Equipment included JEOL JEM-1400 for TEM imaging, JSM-7500F SEM, Hitachi U-4100 UV–visible absorption spectrometer, Thermo ESCALAB 250 XPS, and ModuLab XM PhotoEchem for I–V measurements. Materials included ethylene glycol, HAuCl4, AgNO3, Na2S, TiO2 (Degussa P25), N719 dye, and FTO conducting glasses.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow

The procedure involved the synthesis of Au@Ag NRs, coating with Ag2S to form Au@Ag@Ag2S NRs, preparation of doped TiO2 paste, fabrication of DSSC devices, and characterization of their performance through various spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques.

5：Data Analysis Methods

Data analysis included UV–Vis absorption spectra, XPS analysis, I–V characteristics, IPCE measurements, EIS, IMPS, and IMVS to evaluate the photovoltaic performance and charge transfer mechanisms.