1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved dispersing graphene oxide (GO) in various concentrations into nematic liquid crystal (LC) 5CB and investigating the composites for electro-optical, dielectric, and optical responses. The textural and phase transition studies were conducted using optical polarising microscopy.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Nematic LC 5CB and GO flakes were procured from Sigma-Aldrich, India. The composites were prepared by dispersing GO in distilled water and then into 5CB, followed by sonication and vacuum oven treatment.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Optical polarising microscope (LV100POL, Nikon Eclipse, USA), He–Ne laser (λ = 632 nm), function generator (Tektronix AFG3021B), photodetector (PD-02, Instec, USA), digital multimeter (Agilent model 34465A), impedance analyser (Wayne Kerr, Model 6500B), UV–visible spectrophotometer (Carry 100, Agilent technologies).

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

The composites were filled into planar aligned LC cells, and their textures and phase transitions were observed under crossed polarisers. Transmission measurements were performed under varying electric fields, and dielectric measurements were carried out in the frequency range of 20 Hz–10 MHz.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

The optical birefringence was calculated using the phase difference method, and the dielectric permittivity and loss were measured using impedance analyser data.