1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved the isolation of lipofuscin granules from human RPE donors of different ages, phagocytosis of these granules by ARPE-19 cells, and subsequent irradiation with blue light to induce photic stress. Nanomechanical properties were analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM), and cytoskeleton organization was examined via laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM).

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Lipofuscin granules were isolated from human RPE donors divided into two age groups (18–29 and 50–59 years old). ARPE-19 cells were used as a model system.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Atomic force microscope (BioScope Catalyst AFM), laser scanning confocal microscope (LSM 880), Fully Reflective Solar Simulator-SSUV1.6KW, and various biochemical reagents including MEM, FBS, MTT, and CBA.

4：6KW, and various biochemical reagents including MEM, FBS, MTT, and CBA. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: Cells were fed lipofuscin granules and irradiated with blue light. Cell survival was assessed using MTT assay and propidium iodide fluorescence. AFM and LSCM were used to analyze mechanical properties and cytoskeleton organization, respectively.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Force curves from AFM were analyzed using AtomicJ software. Statistical significance was assessed using Student’s t-test.