研究目的
To compare the impact of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and ultrasonic scaler (US) on gingival health in patients under fixed orthodontic treatment by evaluating clinical, microbiological, and immunological outcomes.
研究成果
Both photodynamic therapy (PDT) and ultrasonic scaling (US) are safe and effective for treating gingival inflammation in orthodontic patients, with no significant differences in clinical, microbiological, or immunological outcomes. PDT showed slightly better results in reducing certain parameters over time, suggesting it could be a valuable alternative for periodontal maintenance.
研究不足
The study had a small sample size (20 patients), which may limit generalizability. Patients were young and free of periodontitis, so results may not apply to older populations or those with advanced periodontal disease. The study duration was 9 months, and longer-term effects were not assessed. Operators were not blinded due to operative restrictions, potentially introducing bias.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
A double-blinded full-mouth clinical study of 9-months duration was designed. Patients were randomly allocated to PDT or US groups. Clinical parameters, microbiological samples, and protein markers were assessed at baseline and follow-ups. Statistical analyses included ANOVA and t-tests.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Twenty orthodontic patients (12-18 years old) with specific inclusion criteria (e.g., bleeding on probing ≥15%, GI >1.1) were selected from the Orthodontics Master’s Program of Complutense University of Madrid. Exclusion criteria included smokers, antibiotic use, etc.
3：1) were selected from the Orthodontics Master’s Program of Complutense University of Madrid. Exclusion criteria included smokers, antibiotic use, etc.
List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Equipment included a diode laser (PeriowaveTM), ultrasonic scaler (SONICflex 2003L), periodontal probe (UNC 15), paper points (Dentsply N30), Periotron 8000, Luminex analyzer, and various culture media. Materials included methylene blue solution, PBS, and reagents for microbiological and immunological assays.
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
For PDT, methylene blue was applied and photoactivated with a laser. For US, plaque was removed with ultrasonic instrumentation. Sessions occurred at specified intervals. Clinical assessments, plaque sampling, and GCF collection were performed at baseline and follow-ups.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
Data were analyzed using SPSS software with Shapiro-Wilk test for normality, repeated measures ANOVA, Student's t-test with Bonferroni correction, and multiple rank tests. P < 0.05 was considered significant.
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