1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

A facile hydrothermal method was used to synthesize MoS2/hCNC composites, optimizing MoS2 loadings for enhanced electrochemical performance.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Samples included MoS2/hCNC with varying MoS2 loadings, pristine MoS2, and hCNC support, prepared using specific precursors and conditions.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included SEM (Hitachi S-4800), HRTEM (JEM-2100F), XRD (Bruker D8 Advance A25), XPS (ULVAC-PHI INC, PHI 5000 VersaProbe), TG (Netzsch STA449F3), N2 adsorption porosimeter (Thermo Fisher Scientific Surfer), and electrochemical test systems (Neware battery test system, VMP3 Electrochemical Workstation). Materials included (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O, L-cysteine, hCNC, deionized water, ethanol, H2/Ar gas, acetylene black, PVDF, NMP, Cu foil, Celgard-2300 separator, LiPF6 electrolyte.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Synthesis involved dispersing precursors in water, hydrothermal treatment at 200°C for 20h, filtration, washing, drying, and annealing at 800°C in H2/Ar. Electrodes were prepared by slurry coating, drying, and pressing. Electrochemical tests included CV, galvanostatic discharge/charge, and EIS in coin cells.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data were analyzed using equivalent circuit fitting for EIS, power law for capacitive contributions, and standard methods for SSA and pore size distribution.