1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

OECTs were fabricated in four different dimensions to study their time and frequency responses to epithelial cells (caco-2 and NPC43). Methods included harmonic input, step input, and impedance measurements to characterize transconductance, rise time, and impedance magnitude.

2：3). Methods included harmonic input, step input, and impedance measurements to characterize transconductance, rise time, and impedance magnitude. Sample Selection and Data Sources:

2. Sample Selection and Data Sources: Human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (caco-2) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (NPC43) were cultured on OECTs and transwell filters. Cells were selected based on their tightness, with caco-2 being tighter and NPC43 leakier.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment includes borosilicate glass substrates, titanium and gold for electrodes, SU-8 for passivation, PEDOT:PSS for channels, Ag/AgCl gate electrode, oscilloscope, current-follower circuit, Millicell ERS-2 Voltohmmeter. Materials include cell culture media (DMEM, RPMI 1640), FBS, P/S, fibronectin, gelatine, ethanol, DPBS.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

OECTs were fabricated using photolithography and lift-off processes. Cells were cultured on OECTs after sterilization and protein coating. Electrical measurements were performed with sinusoidal and square-wave inputs at various frequencies, and data was analyzed using fitting equations and impedance calculations.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data was fitted to exponential and sinusoidal equations to extract time constants and transconductance. Impedance was calculated from gate current and voltage differences. Statistical analysis included normalization and comparison of responses across different OECT sizes and cell types.