1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study employs an interfacial seeding growth strategy to fabricate core-shell WO3@ZnIn2S4 heterostructures, involving hydrothermal synthesis methods for material preparation and various characterization techniques to analyze structural, optical, and electronic properties.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Samples include pure WO3 nanorods, pure ZnIn2S4 nanosheets, and WO3@ZnIn2S4 nanocomposites with different weight ratios (0.5, 0.7, 1.0), synthesized using chemical precursors such as Na2WO4·2H2O, NaCl, In(NO3)3·4.5H2O, Zn(AC)2·6H2O, and L-cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate.

3：5, 7, 0), synthesized using chemical precursors such as Na2WO4·2H2O, NaCl, In(NO3)3·5H2O, Zn(AC)2·6H2O, and L-cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Equipment includes a Teflon-lined autoclave for hydrothermal synthesis, X-ray diffractometer (Bruker D8 Avance), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JSM-6700F), transmission electron microscopy (TEM and HRTEM, JEOL JEM 2010 EX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, PHI Quantum 2000), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer (Cary 500 Scan), electrochemical analyzer (CHI760) for EIS and photocurrent measurements, fluorescence spectrometer (Hitachi F-4500) for PL spectra, time-correlated single photon counting module for PL decay, gas chromatograph with TCD detector for H2 quantification, and a 300 W Xe lamp with a 420 nm cutoff filter for photocatalytic reactions. Materials include chemicals like Na2WO4·2H2O, NaCl, HCl, ethanol, glycerol, In(NO3)3·4.5H2O, Zn(AC)2·6H2O, C3H7NO2S·HCl·H2O, triethanolamine (TEOA), and deionized water.

4：5H2O, Zn(AC)2·6H2O, C3H7NO2S·HCl·H2O, triethanolamine (TEOA), and deionized water. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: WO3 nanorods are synthesized hydrothermally at 180°C for 24 h. WO3@ZnIn2S4 composites are prepared by dispersing WO3 in ethanol and glycerol, adding precursors, and hydrothermal treatment at 180°C for 24 h. Characterization involves XRD, SEM, TEM, HRTEM, XPS, UV-DRS, EIS, photocurrent response, PL spectra, and photocatalytic H2 evolution tests under visible light with TEOA as a sacrificial agent.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

XRD patterns are compared with JCPDS standards, SEM and TEM images are analyzed for morphology, XPS data are calibrated with C1s peak, UV-DRS spectra are used to calculate band gaps, EIS data are fitted with ZSimpWin software, photocurrent and PL decay data are measured to assess charge separation, and H2 evolution rates are quantified using gas chromatography.