研究目的
To prepare hollow yttrium-doped TiO2 microspheres with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity for applications such as sewage treatment.
研究成果
Y-doped TiO2 hollow spheres were successfully synthesized, with 1.5% Y doping showing the best performance: high surface area (62.651 m2/g), reduced band gap, enhanced visible-light absorption, and improved photocatalytic degradation rate (70% for methyl orange). Y doping also increased thermal stability by preventing phase transition and reduced electron-hole recombination.
研究不足
The paper does not explicitly state limitations, but potential areas include the use of a specific template (MF) which may limit scalability, the calcination temperature affecting material properties, and the focus on methyl orange degradation which may not generalize to other pollutants.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
A sol-gel method was used with melamine-formaldehyde polymer microspheres as sacrificial templates to synthesize Y-doped TiO2 hollow spheres. The method was chosen for its simplicity and effectiveness in creating hollow structures.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
MF templates were synthesized via precipitation polymerization. Y-doped TiO2 samples with different Y:Ti molar ratios (1%, 1.5%, 2%) were prepared, along with an un-doped TiO2HS control.
3：5%, 2%) were prepared, along with an un-doped TiO2HS control. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Materials included melamine, formaldehyde, formic acid, tetrabutyl titanium (TBOT), yttrium nitrate hexahydrate, CTAB, ethanol, methyl orange. Equipment included FT-IR spectrometer (PerkinElmer Spectrum Two), XPS (KRATOS AXIS-ULTRA DLD-600W), XRD (Bruker D8 Advance), SEM (JSM-5510LV), TEM (JEM-2100), fluorescence spectrophotometer (Hitachi F-4600), UV-Vis spectrometer (PerkinElmer Lambda 35), surface area and pore size analyzer (Nova 2000e), and a home-made photoreactor with a 150 W halogen tungsten lamp.
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
MF synthesis involved mixing deionized water and formaldehyde, adding melamine and formic acid at 80°C, cooling, centrifuging, washing, and drying. For Y-TiO2HS, MF was immersed in ethanol, ultrasonicated, CTAB added, TBOT and Y(NO3)3 solution added, stirred at 80°C for 4h, centrifuged, washed, dried, and calcined at 500°C. Characterization involved various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Photocatalytic activity was tested by degrading methyl orange under visible light, with sampling at intervals.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
Data from characterization techniques were analyzed to determine properties like band gap (using Kubelka-Munk function), specific surface area (BET method), and photocatalytic degradation rates (using UV-Vis spectrometry).
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FT-IR Spectrometer
Spectrum Two
PerkinElmer
Used for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to characterize chemical bonds in samples.
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X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer
AXIS-ULTRA DLD-600W
KRATOS
Used to examine the valence states of elements in the doped samples.
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X-ray Diffractometer
D8 Advance
Bruker
Used to examine the crystal structures of the samples.
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Scanning Electron Microscope
JSM-5510LV
JEOL
Used to observe the morphology and microstructure of samples.
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Transmission Electron Microscope
JEM-2100
JEOL
Used to observe the microstructure and confirm hollow structures.
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Fluorescence Spectrophotometer
F-4600
Hitachi
Used to record luminescence spectra of samples.
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UV-Vis Spectrometer
Lambda 35
PerkinElmer
Used to record UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrums and measure methyl orange concentrations.
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Surface Area and Pore Size Analyzer
Nova 2000e
Quantachrome
Used to measure specific surface area and pore size distribution via N2 adsorption-desorption.
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Halogen Tungsten Lamp
Used as the light source in photocatalytic experiments.
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